Article tells about the leguminous cultures most widespread in Ukraine, such as peas and nut and their high-quality features.
HIGH-QUALITY STRUCTURE of the MAIN LEGUMINOUS CULTURES of the WATERLESS VALLEY in the conditions of the STEPPE CRIMEA
Leguminous cultures – the main source of vegetable protein for feeding of animals and a food of the person. They make a basis a basis of high-albuminous forages which are necessary for animals for maintenance of all active processes and formation of their high efficiency. In structure of vegetative albuminous resources of Ukraine the annual leguminous take an important place.
In the southern regions of the country farmers consider as the main leguminous cultures peas and nut. However, this territory is characterized by frequent droughts during the spring-and-summer period that leads to considerable decrease in a crop of all crops. Therefore here special value represents zharo-and drought-resistant culture nut. It is cultivated, generally on bogare, doesn’t suffer excess of moisture though it is sympathetic on an irrigation. In comparison with other leguminous cultures, nut is stabler in productivity irrespective of conditions of year. Value of its seeds consists in their power properties: 1 kg contains 334 kcal., 28-32 % of protein, to 7 % of oil, 43-56 % of carbohydrates and 6-9 % of cellulose. Biological value of protein – 52-78 %, factor of a perevarimost – 83 %. On wealth and quality of a natural complex of vitamins and other biologically active connections beans nuta – one of the most valuable among many products vegetative and animal origin.
As a whole across Ukraine cultivated areas nuta and peas before the Second World War were identical, and in the south of the country crops nuta several times exceeded peas crops. After war, in connection with increase in the areas under peas, and also lack of high-yielding grades well adapted for local conditions, nut it was almost deduced from production crops. In recent years grades of this culture new highly productive and steady against diseases and cultivated areas under it constantly are created expand. Now nut on crops takes the third place in the world among leguminous cultures after a soya and haricot.
The importance for receiving big crops has a right choice of a grade. Eleven grades are entered in the Register of grades of plants of Ukraine on a zone of the Steppe nuta. All of them are various on morphology and differently react to conditions of our zone that is expressed in productivity. In 2007 which was characterized by droughty conditions, productivity of a grade Pegasus made 12,4 c/hectares, Alexandrite – 11,7 c/hectares, Colour – 11,3 c/hectares. In 2008, favorable year for all summer, a grade Pegasus gave 18,3 c/hectares, the Ornament – 15,7 c/hectares, Antya – 15,5 c/hectares. Grades of the food direction (Antya, Tasty, Burzhak) are most sympathetic on growth conditions, in droughty years at them productivity is much lower in comparison with grades of the fodder direction (see table 1.).
Table 1. Results ecological sortoizucheniyasortov nuta
nuta at us in Ukraine the APP Lugansk institute, Selection and Genetic institute (Odessa) and Krasnogradsky experimental station of Institute of a grain farm (The Kharkov area) are engaged in selection.
Peas in the Crimea highly productive culture you will not call. Its biology doesn’t coincide with the Crimean conditions of growth, especially at the final stage of vegetation in a phase naliva and grain maturing. It considerably concedes on productivity winter and early grain (in sukhodolny conditions at level of 10-12 c/hectares), but owing to the high content of protein (to 26 %) in a seed provides receiving 400-500 kg of protein with 1 hectare. In the conditions of an irrigation peas are capable to create a crop of 40-50 c/hectares.
For receiving big crops special value has selection of high-quality structure of culture. Are so far created and resolved for production in Ukraine various on morphology (height of plants, leaf type, height of fastening of the bottom bean) highly productive grades of peas. Studying of a big set of grades shows considerable dependence of productivity both on cultivation conditions, and on their morphological features. In ostrozasushlivy conditions the top yield is formed by average and dlinnostebelny grades, and in the conditions of superfluous moistening – korotkostebelny. When studying grades of peas on the demonstration range in droughty 2007 a top yield – 6,8 c/hectares – created grades of Suites and the Tuning fork. The grade the Motto had the lowest productivity – 2,9 c/hectares.
2008 was favorable for the majority of crops, during the spring-and-summer period enough of a precipitation (March – June – 218 mm) dropped out that promoted receiving a big crop of peas.
The highest crop is celebrated at grades of Glyans – 33,6 c/hectares; the Tsarevitch – 32,7 c/hectares; Modus – 31,3 c/hectares (see table 2).
Table 2. Productivity of grades of peas on years, c/hectare
Peas – culture very sympathetic on an irrigation and fertility of the soil. To receive a big crop good conditions of cultivation of this culture are necessary. At us in the Crimea such conditions are created by the nature very seldom. However, at the expense of high-quality structure productivity can be regulated. For receiving a stable crop in an economy it is necessary to grow up 2-3 grades differing on requirements to conditions of cultivation.
O. Ptashnik, manager of plant growing and APP UAAN kormoproizvodstvakrymsky institute laboratory.