Article describes efficiency of introduction of organo-mineral system of fertilizers and protection of plants at the minimum technology of processing of the soil.
Efficiency organo-m_neralno ї systems of application of fertilizers and protection of plants at _runtozakhisny soil cultivation
We continue a subject
(Continuation. The beginning in No. 44, 46, 47).
Efficiency organo-mineralnoysistemy application of fertilizers and zashchitarasteniye at the minimum technology of processing of the soil
In the Crimea about 64 % of the area of an arable land of a podverzhenovetrovy and water erosion. Reliably zashhishhaetpochvu vosenny, winter and spring periods well razvityyrastitelny cover of winter crops. Efficiency and their soil-protective role zavisyatot that, how amicable will be shoots, they will normally develop the vosenny period that is provided, vpervy turn, the correct system of processing of the soil.
Replacement of otvalny plowing ryxleniemploskorezomi umenshenieglubiny soil processings to 8-10 cm not a vyzvaliuvelicheniye of volume weight of the soil over optimum for winter crops and deterioration of its air mode.
Volume mass of the soil at an exit of winter wheat in a tube of predstavlyalavsly 10 cm – 1,03-1,06 g/cm3, vsly the 10-20th – 1,11-1,16 and v20-30 cm – 1,18-1,23ú/cm3. The general porosity both at glubokoyotvalny and a ploskoreznoyvspashka, and at superficial processing nakhodilasvoptimalny parameters from 67,3 % in a layer of earth of 0-10 cm to 52,4 % in 20-30 cm with insignificant fluctuations, according to application of different ways of processing.
Vusloviyakh long postharvest period a minimalnayaobrabotka of the soil provides savings on a surface of the soil of a bolshogokolichestvo of the vegetative remains, kotoryesposobstvuyut povysheniyuustoychivost to a wind erosion. For example, in the spring against a ploskoreznoyobrabotka of a sternevogopredshestvennik under corn remained 90,4 sterninna 1 sq.m, and at the minimum processing – 137,0 or for 15,2 % it is more.
Besides, calculations show that replacement of plowing by 20-22 cm ploskoreznymryxleniemna zheglubinu reduces that zatratygoryuche-lubricants for 32 % for hectare, and at small processing on 10-12 cm ploskorezomi a disk harrow – respectively v2 and 2,2 times. At the minimum processing even usual the ploskorezamiproizvoditelnost of work of a vsravneniya with plowing increases respectively v1,8-2,2 time. Thus total monetary zatratyna the main processing ploskorezomna 20-22 cm in comparison with plowing on that zheglubinu decrease by 22,0 UAH/hectares, at a small ploskoreznoyobrabotka – on 43,4 úÓ¡./hectare, and when processing by a disk harrow – on 51,7 úÓ¡./hectare.
Ispolzovaniyeotvalnykh of tools when processing soil during a drought, kotorayachasto happens after cleaning of early grain crops, brings kobrazovaniyuglyb to break which additional operations are necessary. When processing ploskoreznymiya by especially disk tools of a block aren’t formed.
Long-term supervision on skilled fields of the APP Crimean institute of Uaanpokazali that vzasushlivy the godypoverkhnostnayaobrabotka plays a boleevazhny role than fertilizers. Vdozhdlivye effect of fertilizers is shown years more strongly.
So far discussions causes at application to the minimum processing of the soil a zasoryaemost of fields weeds. Odniissledovateli noted positive influence of minimization of processing of the soil thanks to boleeintensivny rostuozimy which in the vegetative weight suppress weeds, depriving of them dostupaksvetu. Many scientists note boleevysoky degree of a contamination at the minimum and superficial processings of the soil in comparison with a plowed land at which weeds top plastapochvy plow the vgluboky. However prompt development of the chemical industry allowed to solve a problem of fight against weeds by means of herbicides, having put a problem of a contamination of fields on the second plan.
Osnovyvayasn many positive sides of energy saving technology of processing of the soil without a layer turn, in world practice widely apply the minimum processing of the soil. Vnedreniyeeta technologies in all zones of Ukraine fuel v2-3 time gave the chance to save, mineral fertilizers v1,5-2 time, pestitsidyv3-4 time, and also to raise crops of crops at the expense of preservation and sberezheniyapochvenny moisture that especially important vzasushlivy years.
Istoshcheniyezapasov of carbon-hydrogen raw materials and constant povysheniecen on oil products inevitably pobuzhdayetselkhoztovaroproizvoditely kpoisku the least power-intensive technologies of cultivation of crops. World and domestic practice showed need of transition to technology of the minimum processing of the soil, kotorayaryady with energy saving considerably increases productivity and reduces prime cost of grown-up production, does it competitive in the domestic and world market.
N SAENKO, senior research associate of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, candidate of agricultural sciences.