In this article it is said that before being engaged in grapes cultivation, it is necessary to represent accurately: what will be end products. Also concrete recommendations about cultivation of dining rooms and technical grades of grapes taking into account biology of grades and adaptation of technology of their cultivation to specific conditions are provided.
Grapes – the tsar among plants
Councils of the scientist
Grapes – the tsar among plants. In itself it very much krasiv, and the main thing, gives the tasty berries which are widely used in food. Naiyobolshey distribution was received by a type of VitisviniferaL that grapes wine mean. But, unfortunately, at us in the country not enough grapes and wine are made. So, per capita in Ukraine in 1990 16 kg of grapes, in 1995 – 9, in 2000 – 7, in 2002 – 7 and in 2003 – 11 kg were grown up. In 2001 per capita the countries it was developed grape wine of 2,95 l, champagne – 0,72, cognac – 0,29 l. There was a situation in Kryyoma where per capita in 2002 it was necessary grape wine of 13,45 l and cognac – 0,81 l slightly better.
In Ancient Rome wine always was on a table at prostogo lyuda. Ancient agriculturist Katon advised to cook on each slave on seven kvadrantalov wines (183,8 l) and on ten kvadrantalov (262,2 l) on a kolodnik, i.e. on the one who performed the most hard work (cit. on 5). And today natural wine in many countries is defined as foodstuff.
To make grapes always it was favorable. Not casually in cave gorodax the Crimea worked much vinodavilen which well remained till nayostoyashchy time. So, in Kachi-Caglione was 120 operating vinodavilen in which it was at the same time possible to process 250 tons of grapes.
Not so long ago only production of grapes was highly profitable and made 50 – 70 % and more. Let’s take Rkatsiteli’s grade. Its purchase price at basic sugar content makes 800 úÓ¡./t. At productivity of 7 t/hectares it gives 5600 úÓ¡./hectare monetary revenue. At costs of hectare of 3000 UAH. the received crop provides profit 2600 úÓ¡./hectare and level of profitability of production of 86,7 %. And further grapes processing on wine that involves still big profit and higher profitability follows … In 1984 in the budget of the Crimea from branch nearly 200 million rubles arrived.
Importance of wine growing for Ukraine is emphasized with existence of two research institutions of wine growing and winemaking in Yalta and Odessa, their strong points, chairs of wine growing of a large number of specialized vinogradarsky farms.
Grades of cultural grapes have a set of characteristics with a certain range of variability. So, the napriyomer, productivity of grades in the Crimea within 30-300 c/hectares, a moroyozoustoychivost changes from-17 ° With to-27 ° With, sugar content of juice of berries varies from 14 to 25 g/100 of ml, the fillokseroustoychivost of roots is shown at level from 0 to 2,5 points and above (on a 5-ball scale), durability - from 12-15 to 100 and much more years etc. The knowledge of a range of manifestation of characteristics extremely important, and it demands that them to expand towards increase of productivity, sugar content, stability to a root form of a phylloxera, to diseases.
Today in the world of one thousand grades of grapes. Only in an ampelografichesky collection of Institute of grapes and Magarach wine of their more than 3 thousand, and at everyone the signs and properties. But it is required to create new a srasshirenny range of variability and first of all hozyaystvennotsenny characteristics. At selection of new grades within a look of V. vinifera, one scope of signs and properties, and when using types by V. berlandieri, V. riparia, V. ruperstrisi etc. – another. Therefore transition to interspecific selection leads to surprising results. Grades First-born Magaracha, Podarok Magaracha, Moldova, Tsitronny Magaracha, the Suruchensky white are so created….
Grapes – culture of the district. Differently the grade the Muscat white in the steppe of the Crimea, near Sevastopol and on YuBK, for example, behaves. If in the steppe table wines, on Yuzhnoberezhye – magnificent dessert turn out from his clusters. Very considerably, as at rather small distance habitat of a grade influences quality of its berries and the final product – wine.
Abiotichesky and biotic factors of the environment exclusively strongly skazyvayutsya on manifestation of properties of grapes. That influence of different air temperature is necessary. So, the sum of active temperatures (≥10°S) in Yalta sostavlyaet 3873°S, in Simferopol – 3175°S, to Jankoi – 3449°S, in the item. The solar Valley can make 4000 ° With (in the southern countries of Iran, it reaches Iraq 7000 ° C). Average of absolute minima (and an absolute minimum) to Sevastopol makes air temperatures – 13 ° With (- 22 ° C), to Jankoi, to Simferopol – 19°S (- 30°S), in pgt Nizhnegorsk – 21-° With (- 37°S). The last time, winter of 1984 – 1985, very strong fall of temperature in the Crimea (to Simferopol to – 30 ° … 32 ° C) led to a full vymerzaniye of an elevated unprotected part of bushes of grapes.
Annual precipitation is various also: in. A pike perch – 325 mm, to Simferopol – 509, in Yalta – 557 mm. One of the most provided solar siyayoniy places – Evpatoria where the annual quantity equals to 2384 hours, is less than them in Simferopol – 2318 and in Yalta – 2223 hours.
For cultivation of this culture important value plays speed vetra. The greatest number of days in a year with speed of a wind> 15 m/s nablyudaetsya in Sevastopol – 47,4, in pgt Black Sea – 39,8, in Klepinino’s item – 38,9 m/s. In this regard at a laying of vineyards the share of the protected places increases.
The height above sea level the sites which have been taken away under vineyards with planting of certain grades can play important role. So, on YuBK for muscats the best height – to 70 m, other grades can razmeshhatsya at height to 200 m above sea level.
The exposition of slopes, their steepness – is also compound success in a vinoyogradarstvo. And soils differently influence quantity and quality of grapes. Even the geological origin of soils and their age affect quality of wine. On chernozems ordinary wines, not podlezhayoshchy to long endurance turn out: they are characterized by a poor bouquet, the big content of proteins and the general nitrogen. Not casually in a proverb it is said that where wheat grows – grapes (i.e. it is not desirable there it sadit) don’t grow. On stony soils of wine turn out quality and with the bolyyoshy content of alcohol. Sandy soils give quality wines, but with the low content of extract. On soils clay the wines rich with ekstraktivny substances, aromatic, strongly painted and chasto the rough are formed. The soils close to clay, generate the ekstraktivny wines which have been well painted, soft, with moderate acidity which are suitable for long endurance. On damp soils of wine turn out with a low soyoderzhaniye of alcohol, very sour and with the high content of proteins. Availability of calcium in the soil is considered favorable for formation of an aroma of wine, krome that they turn out vysokospirutozny, with weak acidity and very fragrant. It is necessary to note that in the Crimea a big variety of soils that, undoubtedly, it is necessary to consider at grapes cultivation, including and for a priyogotovleniye of this or that type of wine. In the territory of one economy some versions of soils that it is necessary to take in attention at cultivation both table, and technical grades of grapes can meet.
In wine growing the technique which allows to define its factor of adaptation is developed for an assessment of fitness of a grade to local usloyoviya. It is calculated as the relation of a score of the actual assessment of properties and grade signs in a separate zone of a vyrayoshchivaniye to work of the maximum point (5) increased by number of izuyochayemy signs. Absolute value of factor of adaptation (KA) can be expressed in relative units or percent for what the received value is multiplied on 100. In case the KA equals> 85 % – a grade very perspective, if 71-85 – perspective, 56-70 – rather peryospektivny, 40-55 – less perspective, <40 % – unpromising.
The researches carried out by us with a grade Kokur white in mountain dolinnom the seaside region of the Crimea with an assessment of its properties and signs on the plain at a scrap on 12 eyes showed what to grow up it in this district is very perspective, on what specifies also the factor of adaptation equaling 0,87. It is very useful both with scientific, and with practical the points of view to service on a sortoispytaniye of crops to use given metodiku for an assessment of factor of adaptation of grades of grapes.
Before consideration of anthropogenous factors we will give some muyodry sayings about force of the live and lifeless nature: the nature all can and all does, all factors of the environment operate as tools in well harmonious symphonic orchestra, the nature is always right – the person is guilty.
Before being engaged in grapes cultivation, it is required accurately predstavit a task: for what, for what purpose, what will be end products? Sovreyomennym to wine-growers is easier that they have possibility to consider enormous experience of last generations: grades which in the best way grew in the concrete district, wine are known that from them were successful. Along with it the most valuable information on climatic factors (the sum of active temperatures ≥ 10 ° With, average air temperature in the warmest month, an amount of precipitation in a year and especially in maturing of berries, etc.) is saved up. In the Crimea the warmest month ܻiyul. Average air temperature following: Simferopol 21,1°S, to Jankoi 23,7°S, Yalta 23,9°S.
Agroclimatic indicators for formation of this or that syryeyovy base should be different – one business to grow up grapes for a priyogotovleniye of sparkling wine materials, another – for strong and sweet wines. That is a task it is not simple to grow up, and for production of konkretyony end products.
When the task is put, the zone, the area, a place for grapes vyrashchiyovaniye then gets out, grades, the directions of ranks (in connection with a steepness of sites in mountain conditions), the landing scheme, a way of culture, system a vedeyoniya, a bush form, a way scraps, an irrigation steal up, etc.
The intelligent accounting of the vinogradarsky and wine-making past installs confidence of correctness of progress to improvement a branch sostoyayoniya. It is enough to mention scope, depth and productivity of drevyony wine-growers-wine makers in Chersonese Taurian. Fairly otmechaetsya: Before the past incline the head, and before the future roll up sleeves.
And today it is necessary to open a task the best ecological niches (or to specify already allocated) for production of grapes of a certain quality for concrete type of wine. Same also concerns also cultivation table vinograda. It is required to the consumer beautiful, elegant, rich with the in……….. Bad table grapes aren’t necessary to us to break it in the bunker, and then to send on winery, to prepare mediocre port.
There are in the Crimea two huge perspective natural vinogradarskix the area – east sublime and steppe (Kerch poluostrov) and western sublime and steppe (the Tarkhankutsky peninsula). Koyonechno, these areas suffer from a lack of moisture but if here to use a drop irrigation, crops will be constantly high and very high. Considering that the sums of active temperatures here big, and winters soft, these areas favourably differ, for example, from central steppe natural vinogradarskogo the area where severe winters are observed. Because in the central steppe area already departed from ukryvny culture, it is necessary to select the most cold-resistant grades for cultivation. This area should be used more effectively, than now – after all it gives to the grateful consumer juice, table, strong, sweet wines, sparkling and konyachyony wine materials.
In the most zealous way it is necessary to use the earth of the Southern coast of the Crimea which the unique combination of climate, soils and slopes pozvolyayut to make wines – masterpieces of dessert and strong types. Oshibochyonym is that such grades as Moldova here grow up, Rkatsiteli, the Odessa black. For vineyards here it is not a lot of territory, and it should be used for more valuable grades.
For the purpose of identification of microniches in natural vinogradarskix areas special researches which surely will be acquitted by a poyolucheniye way, finally, high-quality production are necessary.
And today the patron of grapes and winemaking god Dionysus continues shagat on the ground and generously to give to people a grapevine: take it and vyrashhivajte – it is useful and it is favorable. Only it will be fair in case to select the best natural niches for grapes cultivation, uchityvat biology of grades, adapting technology of their cultivation for specific conditions.
And. DIKAN, head of the department of wine growing of the Southern branch Crimean agrotechnological university of NAU, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor.