It is a question of care of crops of a winter rape, preparation and carrying out its cleaning.
As it was noted in article of the previous newspaper, even at 40 pieces/sq.m of well developed remained live plants of a winter rape it is possible to create a high-grade crop maslosemyan
As it was noted in article of the previous newspaper, even at 40 pieces/sq.m of well developed remained live plants of a winter rape it is possible to create a high-grade crop maslosemyan.
Special value should be given to a high-grade nitric food of plants. Ideal supply of plants of a rape by nitrogen – introduction of 15-20 % from total in the autumn before crops, and the rest – in top dressing in the spring. According to our researches the total of a rape of nitrogen brought on the crop’s eve is in N90-120 limits, and for crop formation maslosemyan to 20 c/hectares it is enough to bring N60. It is better to give nitric fertilizers in the form of ammonium sulfate since this preparation contains not only nitrogen, but also the sulfur which is extremely necessary for high-grade development of plants of a winter rape.
In the conditions of an irrigation it is necessary to give nitric fertilizers under the first watering, and in not irrigated conditions when the top layer of earth happens it is overdried, fertilizers should be brought a seeder in a korneobitayemy layer where still there is a moisture.
On crops of a winter rape, as well as on winter grain, it is necessary to apply for some reason unfairly forgotten in the Crimea the landowner – a boronovaniye of crops in the spring (usually at the beginning of March). Boronovaniye is led across crops by average zubovy harrows at speed of the unit no more than 4-5 km/h. The purpose of this agroreception – improvement of an air mode of the soil. The lost plants at the same time are removed, sprouting weeds are destroyed.
Further care of crops of a winter rape consists in application of herbicides for fight against weeds (in urgent cases), and also in application yadoximikatov for pest control and diseases (also at emergency). Application of herbicides is justified only at very strong contamination by weeds, especially long-term (a sow-thistle field, a bindweed field, a wheat grass creeping), applied herbicides: butizan – 2-2,5 l/hectares, lontrel – 0,3-0,4 l/hectares. It is necessary to note that winter a rape successfully competes to weeds in fight for moisture, elements of a food and successfully them suppresses. It is promoted by that the winter rape very intensively increases elevated weight – after renewal of spring vegetation. So, for 14-15 day after the beginning of spring vegetation already there comes a phase of formation of inflorescences, and 10 days later – a butonizatsiya phase. From the vegetation beginning prior to the beginning of flowering passes 35-40 days. It is the period of the maximum accumulation of elevated weight and, naturally, weeds choke with intensively growing plants of a winter rape. At a rape this period of the greatest water consumption.
The period of the greatest requirement of plants of a winter rape – the critical period – is in moisture between phases of flowering and naliva seeds. At a lack of moisture during this period efficiency of flowering is reduced – less formed pods, it is less than seeds in a pod, much smaller seeds are formed, than at a normal vlagoobespechennost. Proceeding from stated, it is necessary to plan watering terms at cultivation of a winter rape in the conditions of an irrigation.
Ideal conditions of a vlagoobespechennost of a rape moisture during the critical period is when humidity of a korneobitayemy layer (0-60 cm) is supported at level of 70 % of PPV.
It is necessary to note that the powerful root system at a rape allows to use moisture to depth of 2 m and more, i.e. to form a crop at the expense of moisture of an autumn and winter precipitation. If depth of a promachivaniye of the soil for the autumn and winter and spring period reaches 150-200 cm, this amount of moisture can be enough for formation of a good harvest maslosemyan a winter rape.
In vegetation of a plant of a winter rape can be damaged by wreckers and be surprised various diseases: root decay (damages plants since autumn and at the beginning of spring) a snow mold, mealy dew, a kilogram, etc. – throughout all vegetation. The main methods of fight against diseases – preventive: strict observance of a crop rotation, protravlivaniye of seeds such preparations as Vitavaks-200, Promet, etc., and also crops by the grades steady against diseases.
Wreckers of a rape can directly damage plants, and on the other hand, damaging and injuring plants, – promote development of diseases. ripsa krestotsvetny flea beetles, a rape pililshchik, stem a skrytnokhobotnik, rape cvetoed, the seed weevil, a cabbage plant louse can bring the greatest harm to plants, etc. The main methods of fight as well as with diseases – preventive. This strict observance of crop rotations, destruction of weeds along the edges of fields, on roadsides of roads. Daily control of appearance of wreckers on rape crops is necessary. It is necessary to note that, as a rule, defeat of plants begins with edges of fields. Therefore it is enough to carry out at appearance of wreckers regional processings by any of available at the price peritroidov. For this purpose it is necessary to carry out in due time obkosy for tractor pass with a sprayer.
Harvesting – the most responsible stage in the production technology maslosemyan a rape. It is necessary to choose optimum terms and ways of cleaning maslosemyan, qualitatively to prepare harvest equipment, vehicles, to organize completion maslosemyan on currents. It is necessary to mean that the neglect these factors can lead to losses crop more than a half maslosemyan on fields, and the rest to ruin on a current.
When cleaning a rape two ways of cleaning of a rape – a direct kombaynirovaniye and separate cleaning are applied. The direct kombaynirovaniye is justified only when cleaning sites where crops pure from weeds, there is an amicable and uniform maturing, and also in a case when terms of separate cleaning are missed and when using import equipment. Humidity of seeds when cleaning should be less than 18 %.
At a winter rape the period of flowering will stretch till 25-30 days. From here and unevenness of maturing maslosemyan on different branches, brushes and even in one brush. Therefore the separate way of cleaning is more often applied. Signs on which it is necessary to begin cleaning on sval the following: fell down the bottom leaves, the bottom pods of the main branch got citreous coloring, and seeds start to change coloring – become brown or black. Humidity of seeds at this time – 30-35 %.
At a timely skashivaniye on sval losses of seeds should be minimum.
Unfortunately, in farms of the Crimea anywhere valkovy harvesters – ZhSK-4, ZhRB-4,2, ZhRB-4,2A, ZhSK-4AM almost didn’t remain. Therefore use harvesters ZhVN-6A more often. On fields with powerful elevated mass of a rape these harvesters should be used with incomplete capture. It allows to reduce capacity of wolves, to improve conditions of their airing and a prosushivaniye and by that to reduce losses at selection of wolves.
For improvement of formation of wolves the skashivaniye should be carried out across crops at height of a cut not less than 20-30 see. The height of a cut should be the highest, the arrangement of the bottom branches how allows to avoid their losses. When cleaning tall crops, especially partially polegshy on a harvester it is necessary to establish the right divider of torpedo type regulating stebleotvody and steblepodjemnik. Cleaning of a rape both a direct kombaynirovaniye, and separate way (obomolot wolves) it is possible and it is necessary to carry out without attraction of import equipment as machine operators and experts serving import combines aren’t interested absolutely not in reduction of losses when cleaning. It is better to interest financially the combine operators and they can reduce to a loss minimum when cleaning maslosemyan a rape.
Applied both at a direct kombaynirovaniye, and at thresh wolves SK-5 combines "Field", "Don-1500" should be as appropriate prepared. First of all, combines carefully pressurize: establish canvas aprons between bokovinami the inclined chamber and a harvester, and in junctions of the inclined chamber with a thresher – rubber slips, condense on perimeter of a cover of the chamber of viewing hatches, guards and a drum cowl, use penopoliuretan for sealing of possible places of leakage of seeds.
Field SK-5 combines are equipped with PKK-5 adaptations for cleaning of melkosemyanny cultures. Surely use linen and transport sorter PPT-3, PPT-3A, regulate properly turns of a molotilny drum (600-800 in a minute), gaps in a deck – on an entrance of 22-25 mm, on an exit of 10-13 mm, frequency of turns of the fan 340-400 in a minute. A jalousie of the top sieve opens on 2/3, bottom – on 1/3, and the extension piece of sieves – almost completely. Working speed of the combine shouldn’t exceed 6-8 km/h.
The Don-1500 combine is equipped with the special adaptation PST-10 and PKK-10 for cleaning of melkosemyanny cultures. At thresh a rape frequency of rotation of a molotilny drum makes 450-600 rpm., the fan of 450-600 rpm, gaps between scourges of a molotilny drum and decks on an entrance of 16-20 mm, on an exit of 3-7 mm. Combines for cleaning of a rape should be prepared in advance. Their quantity should be such to finish obmolot wolves in 3-4 days, losses differently will sharply increase. Begin obmolot usually in 4-7 days after svala at humidity of seeds of 10-12 %. Obmolot wolves are better for carrying out to evening and night time. It also reduces losses maslosemyan. As the remains of stalks of a rape, and also weeds get to the combine bunker together with maslosemenami, sometimes green, there is a rule – to unload the bunker of the combine not more rare than 1 time at o’clock, differently seeds will spoil. It is necessary to organize also accurately work on a current biologically active lots of seeds arriving from the combine was exposed to immediate cleaning in one stream with the obmoloty. For this purpose lots immediately pass through a loader, and then the zernoochistitelny equipment of the type OVP-20A or OVS-25 is used, etc. If expected collecting maslosemyan a rape exceeds 100 tn, it is possible to use ZAV-25 type units.
Humidity maslosemyan a rape after sedums on units and drying on a current should be no more than 8 %. At such humidity commodity maslosemena realize or deliver on storage in warehouses.
E. SLUCKIJ, candidate of agricultural sciences, assistant professor.