An actual problem for all vinogradarsky regions of the world being in a zone of continental climate, is the problem of stability of a grape plant to action of low temperatures.
It gets a special sharpness and in the conditions of climate of Ukraine where vineyards almost annually suffer from frosts and frosts as the considerable part of their areas is in a zone of risky wine growing.
Authors of article tell about ways of permission of this problem and provide the short characteristic of new perspective grades of the grapes steady against a phylloxera, mushroom diseases and a frost, selection of FIELDS and In "Magarach" for industrial cultivation.
GENETIC STABILITY TO LOW TEMPERATURES – the ACTUAL PROBLEM
Actual problem
The problem of stability of a grape plant to low temperatures is very actual for all vinogradarsky regions of the globe being in a zone of continental climate. It gets a special sharpness in the conditions of climate of Ukraine where vineyards almost annually suffer from frosts and frosts. The considerable part of grape plantings of the country is in a zone of risky wine growing. In these conditions the period of vegetation of plants of grapes is reduced. They are influenced by lower temperatures during the winter period, than biological fitness of this look allows.
Cultivation in zones of risky agriculture of European-Asian grades of grapes is complicated because of their low zimo-and frost resistance. In this regard, it is necessary not only to cover grape plantings of these grades for the winter, but also in short terms before winter frosts. Big financial, labor and material inputs that is very complicated in modern conditions of managing are for this purpose necessary.
Transition to neukryvny culture of grapes allowed to refuse considerable expenses of work and material resources. At the same time, it predetermined need at division into districts of new grades strictly to consider them morozo-and winter hardiness, and also regeneration ability, that is ability to develop plodonosny escapes from replacing, sleeping and pasynkovy kidneys and to restore the fabrics damaged by a frost. The losses caused by frosts, testify to the ripened need of improvement of a sortiment for increase of its stability. The crucial role in it is played by a grade, its genetic and biological properties allowing a grape plant to adapt for severe and variable external factors in a cold season.
Long-term studying of frost resistance of various grades and types of grapes allowed I.N.Kondo (1960, 1984) to offer classification by degree of their frost resistance. The author allocates four big groups: rather cold-resistant, so-so cold-resistant, poorly cold-resistant and not cold-resistant. I.N.Kondo’s data allow to connect frost resistance of various grades of grapes with their ekologo-geographical origin. The greatest frost resistance among grades of V. viniferaproyavlyayut of a grade of more northern areas the distributions occurring from the countries of the Central Europe, the North Caucasus, Georgia, Moldova, the regions of Don. The Central Asian grades make generally the fourth group of classification, they the least cold-resistant.
In works of other authors are brought three-point (Mishurenko, etc., 1975) and five-point (The Study guide on grapes selection, 1974; Chernomorets, 1985) scales of determination of frost resistance.
Removal of the new grades steady against low critical temperatures, is based on interspecific hybridization. A method of receiving cold-resistant grades is interspecific hybridization of the European grapes (V. vinifera) and Amur (V. amurensis) which began about 70 years ago. On the basis of such hybrids a number of cold-resistant grades is deduced: Alpha, Buytur, Violet early, Saperavi northern, Muscat steady, Northern, Dawn of the North, Kazachka-1, Michurinets, Steppe, Festival, Scythian, Metal, Russian Concorde. These grades considerably surpass European-Asian grapes in frost resistance, but have mediocre quality. So far, the Alpha and Saperavi northern, received wasn’t possible to surpass grades of grapes reference on frost resistance at the first bekkrossirovaniye.
Selectors work now over removal new with frost resistance – table grades to a minus 26–27 ºC, and technical – to a minus 27–28 ºC. Now efforts of selectors received a row new, combining field stability to the major diseases with frost resistance of grades.
By selectors NIViV "Magarach" it is proved that removal high-quality morozo-and winter-hardy grades of grapes probably though combination of these signs in hybrid posterity is complicated. At our institute the grades possessing group stability to mildyu, oidiumu, to gray decay and low temperatures are created. Some of them take root into production, others pass the state sortoispytaniye.
Below the short characteristic of new perspective grades of grapes of selection NIViV of "Magarach" for industrial cultivation is provided.
Aurora Magaracha-Sauvignon green by a mutagen etilenimin 0,05 % of concentration is received as a result of processing of seeds of free pollination of a grade. Technical grade of average term of maturing. It is used for preparation of high-quality dietary juice, white dining rooms and sweet wines. Berry white. Differs delicate high-quality aroma. Productivity of 100-130 c/hectares. It is characterized by field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and to gray decay, a frost.
Alminsky-(Muscat of VIRA x Magarach of No. 124-66-26). A technical grade for preparation of high-quality wines. Berry black. High-quality muscat aroma. Productivity of 130-170 c/hectares. The increased stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and to gray decay, a frost.
Assol-(Magarach 44-I-77-29 (Tavriya x Shambursen) x Magarach of No. 44-I-79-14 (Muscat amber x Shambursen). A table grade of early term of maturing, for fresh consumption. Berry red. Productivity of 100-130 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and gray decay.
Antya magarachsky-(Ruby Magaracha (Cabernet Sauvignon x Saperavi) x Magarach of No. 85-64-16 (Seyv Villar 20-347 x mix of pollen of European-Asian grades Vitis of a vinifer). Universal grade of average term of maturing. It is used for fresh consumption, preparation of dietary juice, branded red dining rooms and sweet wines. Berry black, juice isn’t painted. Taste harmonious, with chocolate tone. Productivity of 120-150 c/hectares. The increased stability to a phylloxera, mildyu, etc. to mushroom diseases, a frost.
Oat-flakes – (Magarach 10-51-1 (Katta Kurgan x Kirovobadsky table) x Antya of magarachskiya). A table grade, for fresh consumption. Berry red. Productivity of 110-170 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu, to gray decay, frost.
Garnet Magaracha-(Magarach 11-57-130 [Ruby Magaracha x (May black x VIR-1)] x Antya of magarachskiya). A technical grade, for preparation of high-quality dry and sweet wines. Berry black, juice is intensively painted. Productivity of 110-140 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and gray decay.
Danko – (Limberger x Rkatsiteli). Technical grade of average and late term of maturing. It is used for preparation of high-quality dietary juice, red table wines, cahors wine. Berry black. Taste pleasant, high-quality aroma. Productivity of 125-130 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu, to gray decay, frost.
Intervitis Magaracha-(Magarach 40-69-11 (Katta Kurgan x Sabbath krupnoyagodny) x Magarach 100-74-1-5 (DRH of 6024 St. pollinations). A table grade of average and late term of maturing, for fresh consumption. Berry black. Productivity of 140-150 c/hectares. Field stability to oidiumu, mildyu and gray decay.
Centaur of Magaracha-(Ruby Magaracha x Magarach of No. 6-68-27). Technical grade of average and late term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of juice, high-quality red dining rooms and sweet wines. Berry black. Taste harmonious with strongly pronounced poppy paslenovym aroma. Productivity of 140-150 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu, gray decay, frosts.
Krasen-(Antya magarachsky x Superearly seedless Magaracha). Technical grade of average term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of dry, sweet and likerny wines. Berry black, juice is intensively painted. Productivity of 150-180 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu, oidiumu and to gray decay, frost.
Memories of Golodrigi-(Dzhalita x Antya of magarachskiya). Technical grade of average and late term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of high-quality dry, sweet and likerny wines. Berry black, juice is intensively painted. Productivity of 140-160 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu, oidiumu and to gray decay, frost.
Gift of Magaracha-(Rkatsiteli x Magarach of No. 2-57-72). Technical grade of average and late term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of dietary juice, wines and cognac wine materials. Berry white. Taste pleasant, without special high-quality aroma. Productivity of 120-135 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and oidiumu. Very high frost resistance.
First-born Magaracha ‑ (Rkatsiteli x Magarach of No. 2-57-72). Technical grade of average and late term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of high-quality dietary juice, table and sweet wines and cognac wine materials. Berry white. Taste pleasant, without special high-quality aroma. Productivity of 120-140 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and to gray decay, frost.
Pivdennoberezhny – (Magarach 53-75-57 (Zeybel 13666 x Saperavi northern) x Strashensky). A table seedless grade of average and late term of maturing, for fresh consumption. Berry black. Productivity of 120-130 c/hectares. Field stability to oidiumu, mildyu and gray decay.
Riesling of Magaracha-(Riesling Rhine x Seyv Villar 12309). Technical grade of average term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of juice, high-quality white table wines and sparkling wine materials. Berry white. Taste pleasant, harmonious with the expressed high-quality aroma. Productivity of 130-150 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and to gray decay, frost.
Spartan Magaracha-(Zeybel 13666 x Saperavi northern). Technical grade of early term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of juice, table and sweet wines. Berry white. Taste pleasant, harmonious with the expressed light chebretsovo-muscat aroma. Productivity of 120-140 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and oidiumu, high frost resistance.
Tavkveri Magaracha – (Tavkveri x Magarach 6-68-27). Technical grade of late term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of juice and red table wines. Berry black. Taste pleasant, harmonious, high-quality. Productivity of 160-170 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and to gray decay, frost.
Tsitronny Magaracha-(Madeleine Anzhevin x (Magarach 124-66-26 + New Ukrainian early). Technical grade of average term of maturing. It is recommended for preparation of high-quality champagnes, dry and sweet wines. Berry white. Taste pleasant, harmonious with expressed muscat citronnym aroma. Productivity of 130-140 c/hectares. Field stability to a phylloxera, mildyu and to gray decay, frost.
The Yalta seedless – (Magarach 45-74-40 [Moldavian black x IV - 6-9 (Seyv Villar of 20473 St. pollinations)] x Kishmish Moldavian). The Stolovyybessemyanny grade of average term of maturing, for fresh consumption and preparation of dietary juice. Berry pink. Productivity of 140-150 c/hectares. Field stability to oidiumu, mildyu and gray decay.
Century VOLYNKIN, doctor of agricultural sciences, N OLEJNIKOV, candidate of agricultural sciences, N ROSHKA, younger research associate. National institute of grapes and UAAN Magarach wine.