Authors of article make recommendations about technologies of cultivation of grapes and fruit plantings in the conditions of 2007, injured from frosts in previous years.
Recommendations
Care of vineyards in the conditions of 2007
In cotricatelnymi communication by postaction January last year and present February frosts the following in the current year is recommended:
In NPAO "Massandra" farms, on vineyards which suffered from frosts minimum, the traditional technology of cultivation of the grapes, directed on increase of efficiency of plantations and improvement of quality of grapes is recommended.
In farms of the Sevastopol, foothill and steppe zones, in connection with two-year influence of frosts it is necessary:
- on plantations where a scrap it is not carried out yet to increase loading of bushes wintering eyes to level of optimum quantity of live kidneys;
- in due time to carry out to a fragment of the green escapes, directed on loading optimization, restoration and preservation of a form of bushes of grapes;
- to liquidate an izrezhennost air layers;
- in due time to hold the protective events directed on fight against diseases and wreckers of grapes;
- to combat weeds that will improve an air and solar mode in plantings;
- on vineyards not subjects to restoration to carry out a raskorchevka of bushes.
Considering a variety of real conditions of the Foothills it is necessary to approach differentially to carried-out receptions on the care of vineyards depending on their placement in district falls, on slopes or eminences. To give particular attention to dining rooms, as less cold-resistant, than technical, to grades.
Careful performance of agrotechnical actions will create good preconditions for receiving a crop not only in current, but also the next years.
To put new plantations of grapes it is necessary first of all in a neukryvny zone and first of all on Tarkhankutsky and Kerch peninsulas. In ukryvny and poluukryvny zones vineyards need to be put only the most cold-resistant grades them to cultivate without an ukryvka (Podarok Magaracha, First-born Magaracha, Suruchensky white, Moldova and others).
In farms of steppe and foothill zones of planting of grades with group stability can reach 50-70 and 100 %.
It is not necessary to put vineyards on the sites being in falls, hollows, beams. To make landing it is necessary in the best agrotechnical terms, observing further performance of all operations on the care of bushes and the soil.
On poor soils it is more rational to put vineyards according to the condensed scheme of landing (3,0 x 1,0 m and 3,0 x 1,25 m) on an average shtambe and a vertical lane with fan type of formation of bushes. On richer soils it is expedient to create a high-standard fan form and a high-standard kordonny form with vertical down maintaining a gain with the scheme of landing of 3,0 x 1,25 m and 3,0 x 1,5 m.
Between the areas occupied with dining rooms and technical grades, it is necessary to maintain a ratio at level 1:4.
The grape plant, as a rule, puts from year to year a high plodonosnost of kidneys which before obrezky is necessary for estimating by a mikroskopirovaniye and in the best way to use, without overloading bushes. It will allow to increase productivity for 15-30 %.
Care of fruit plantings in the conditions of 2007
On sites where the full death of fruit kidneys is fixed, to a scrap carry out taking into account age and the general condition of trees. In young gardens conduct forming to a scrap, in the fructifying – depending on a condition of trees. On trees with a small year gain, less than 10-15 cm, carry out easy rejuvenating to a scrap on two – three-year wood with a simultaneous prorezhivaniye of krone.
In apple-tree gardens where the number of victims of kidneys exceeds 60 %, to a scrap carry out with the maximum preservation of fruit educations – a kolchatok, plodushka and plodux. On trees started to a scrap begin with krupnoelementny, entirely deleting separate large branches, zagushchayushchy krone. On the remained branches carry out truncation and, if necessary, a prorezhivaniye year prirostov.
On sites where fruit kidneys remained more than for 40 %, conduct usual planned to a scrap, caused by planting type, age and a condition of trees.
Trees on which stamping was already carried out earlier, and year prirosty remain short, carry out rejuvenescence on four-six summer wood, with length of a gain not less 40sm. At the same time carry out prorezhivany kroner and, whenever possible, analysis a kolchatok.
In gardens of kostochkovy breeds to a scrap carry out depending on fruit breed, degree of a podmerzaniye of fruit kidneys, age and the general condition of trees. To plantings of plum it is possible to apply the approaches, accepted the same as to an apple-tree.
In sweet cherry gardens where not less than 50 % of floral kidneys remained, carry out usual planned to a scrap, caused by age and the general condition of trees. In gardens where the death of kidneys reaches 60 % and more, it is expedient to scrap to limit sanitary and easy rejuvenating, or to move for flowering, more precisely to define a situation and to make the correct decision.
In the peach gardens which have remained without a crop, carry out forming, thinning out or rejuvenating to a scrap depending on a condition of trees. On well created and not old trees carry out usual to a scrap truncation year prirostov on the crop’s eve of the next year. On sites where at least floral kidneys partially remained, it is expedient to scrap to postpone before flowering and to cut off on color, as much as possible keeping a crop.
As though it didn’t freeze slightly, to leave a garden without scraps it is impossible. Having refused it at least for one year, it is possible to lose efficiency and quality of a crop the next year. After all at the trees which have remained without scraps, the mechanism of periodicity of fructification turns on, to deduce from which them it will be almost impossible.
In a butonizatsiya and flowering returnable frosts and death of floral kidneys in addition to the already lost are possible. To reduce negative influence of returnable frosts probably in several ways: dymleniye, heating of air, overhead irrigation. The last is considered for today the most reliable and effective, though expensive. It is a question of nadkronovy melkodispersny overhead irrigation or, at least, plentiful watering on furrows. In the absence of overhead irrigation by the main way of protection there is a dymleniye.
Important value has a pchyoloopyleniye, especially in years with partial death of kidneys from frosts. Lately apiaries of specialized farms fell into decay, and it is necessary to take care beforehand of attraction of apiaries of amateur beekeepers to provide high-quality pollination remained a flower that will allow to keep the remained crop as much as possible.
During the period after flowering of the agricultural technician it should be directed on preservation of the sheet device healthy and efficient, protecting it from wreckers and diseases. It is necessary to support the humidity of the soil providing a good vegetative gain and formation of a crop, the maintenance of the soil in ranks and row-spacings in a friable and pure condition from weeds. These measures provide not only a crop of the current year, but also create conditions for formation of a high-grade crop of next year.