In the publication it is a question of decrease in straw for production of heat and obtaining energy in special coppers. Researchers and practicians work over technologies which will give the chance to burn straw together with coal. New technologies confirmed economic and ecological efficiency: emissions of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur decreased for 40 %, decrease in emissions WITH will make 3,95 million tons.
"Biomass", energy potential of straw in Ukraine makes 2,4 million tons at. t. in a year. Use of this potential will give the chance to establish in Ukraine over 11 thousand solomoszhigayemy coppers of 0,1-1 MWt at the same time with about 700 coppers for the centralized heat supply.
Table 1
(Continuation. The beginning in No. 37 (303))
Fuel – an elephant grass
At the beginning of June in Internet editions there was spread information that this year in Ukraine the culture which since recent time started to grow up in the world as a biomass for burning for the first time is planted. In Grushevsky’s territory of village council (The Kharkov area) agrarnik of Kvadro firm on the area of 10 hectares landed saplings miskantusa (Miscantus gigantus) – the relative of the cane, which else call an elephant grass. This grass similar to a bamboo, grows to 4 meters of height, and its crop can be collected for 30 years, not the peresevy. Thus miskantus soil, and on the contrary doesn’t exhaust – enriches, absorbing from air carbon dioxide.
Miskantus grows even on the overlooked soil, doesn’t need almost the leaving, resistant to wreckers and diseases. The grass shouldn’t be fed up at all. She fertilizes herself own foliage which falls down for the winter.
To Kvadro firm Germans helped to plant the first beds of a grass. By their estimates, among all sources of raw materials for bio-energetics, miskantus in Europe will borrow to ten percent of cultivated areas already soon. Germans are convinced of the words, relying on research of specialists of Institute on studying of haying grounds and environment, and also on practice of use of an elephant grass in the State of Illinois (USA) where it is confirmed that from one hectare of an elephant grass it is possible to receive qualitative fuel which can replace 36 barrels of oil. And the crop from one hectare can cost $2160.
The grass will grow in Kvadro firm three years to the first harvesting. During this time in the city of Pervomaisk the plant on which will process slanted stalks miskantusa in fuel granules will be built. They also become biofuel. The grass crop from ten hectares will give over 200 tons of granules which can be burned instead of coal or fuel oil in fire chambers at power plants.
Nowadays only in Ukraine still nobody does fuel briquettes of straw or a grass. Though already tens firms let out wood fuel briquettes; the krupyany enterprises establish the press for briquetting of a peel of sunflower, a buckwheat; woodworking combines press sawdust and a waste. More often, however, for intra production needs. And firms which let out fuel briquettes for export, try to do them only of a waste of firm breeds of a tree. And from sale have good profits. From an oak waste the ton of briquettes in the European market costs from 100 to 120 euros.
Biomass burning in Europe for obtaining energy
For today in EU countries the biomass is used mainly for production of warmth (54,3 million tons u.t. – 98 % from the warmth received from renewables (VIE)). According to VIE Development program till 2010, production of warmth from a biomass in EU countries should double.
Table 1
Existence in Denmark of coppers and stations on straw burning
Table 2
Technical characteristics of heatgenerators of a TGS series
Straw in a mix with coal
Coming back to straw, it is possible to argue: it to burn down economically only in a mix with coal. If speech of a message about electricity generation. For Ukraine it still prospect of several years. Before straw becomes demanded for electricity generation, it can be burned already today for receiving heat. According to analysts of the scientific and technical center
Complete use of this potential will give the chance to establish in Ukraine over 11 thousand solomoszhigayemy coppers in capacity of 0,1-1 MWt at the same time with about 700 coppers for the centralized heat supply in capacity of 1-10 MWt (see tab. 4). Thus annual decrease in emissions of CO2 will make 3,95 million tons at the expense of replacement of fossil fuel. As an example of analytics give practice of Denmark (see tab. 1).
Bill
The Verkhovna Rada assumed as a basis the bill which provides introduction of green tariffs for the electric and thermal energy extracted from alternative sources.
It is supposed that it should stimulate producers of alternative energy as the size of green tariffs should be defined at level of the doubled average tariff for not household consumers of the electric power. Establishment of such size is assigned to the National commission of regulation of power industry.
According to the bill, the wholesale market of the electric power is obliged to buy the electric power which made from alternative power sources and hasn’t been sold on direct contracts on a green tariff. Besides, to the manufacturing enterprises of the equipment which is developed in Ukraine and it is used for production of electric energy from alternative sources, the Ministry establishes privileges with the VAT. Revision of the established privileges is provided to spend each five years. For today in Ukraine the solar power station in the Crimea in capacity of 5 MWt, some vetroelektrostantsiya works.
Where to burn straw?
For today in Europe there are some producers of coppers of different capacity for straw burning. Units not from the cheap. But, however, the reliable. So, if there is money, it is better to be guided by the European producer.
In Ukraine too started to let out similar coppers. In particular, one of firms got the license for release of the equipment of PASSAT Energy A/5 firm having called coppers heatgenerators.
The license equipment is automated, gives the chance to support necessary parameters of hot water and temperature which is established for a room, and also an optimum mode of burning of fuel.
In case of availability of tyukovany straw, by means of heatgenerators it is possible to provide with heat school, kindergarten, an adminzdaniye, a cattle-breeding complex, a hothouse, housing, etc.
Near high efficiency (about 82 %), heatgenerators provide high purity of combustion of straw: the ash-content makes less than 5 %, and CO2 structure in combustion products – is less than 0,5 % (see tab. 3).
It is also possible to refer small electricity consumption to advantages of the equipment (about 0,5 % from thermal capacity). At rather low price for straw, low operational expenses and, at the same time at the high prices for traditional types of fuel (gas, coal, fuel oil), the payback period of heatgenerators makes from 8 months to 3,5 years (depending on model).
Table 4
Copper characteristics for burning big pakov straw (Dom agrofirm, page. Thrushes of Kiev region)
Table 5
Placement potential in Ukraine of solomospalyuvalny coppers
Heatgenerators as it is possible to use fuel and a wood waste, tyrsu, shaving, torfobrikety.
Heat of the generator isn’t necessary for establishment a room. If there is a ready base, installation and adjustment of the unit will last one day.
Councils to the buyer
On the average 2,9 tons of straw replace 1000 m3 natural gases. At a heatgenerator choice on capacity, it is necessary to be guided by such parameters: It is necessary for 1 kW of capacity for heating 10 m2ploshhadi at height of a ceiling no more than 3,5 meters.
The license equipment isn’t cheaper than the analogs of the European firms. If there is a desire to burn straw only for economic needs, it is necessary to pay attention to production of national production.
It is a question of TGS series heatgenerators. By means of these units it is possible to receive energy in the form of warm atmospheric air at the expense of burning of the straw pressed in bales. On these heatgenerators the quantity of thermal energy when burning 1 ton of straw, is equivalent to quantity of energy, which obrazovyvaetsya when burning 366 m3 natural gases or 316 kg of fuel oil.
Teplogeneratori can be maintained together with dryers of grain and a croup. Two such, for example, established on a zernosushilny complex in the village of Aleksandrovka of the Kalanchaksky region of the Kherson area.
Also units can be used for round-the-clock heating of production and cattle-breeding rooms, hangars, garages, joiner’s, etc.
Loading of bales, depending on weight, is carried out manually, a loader or a tractor pitchfork. Ashes get out manually.
Traditions with prospect
The German company Choren Sndustries together with the British petrogiant of Shell till the end of 2007 in the German city of Freiberg will start in work plant on production of biofuel of the second generation, capacity of 15 thousand tons in a year. As raw materials for production of synthetic fuel straw and wood sawdust will serve.
The project will cost not less as half a billion euros. Being guided by the statement of representatives of the mentioned companies, the newspaper writes that plant biofuel in Frayberzi at prime cost will be almost such, as well as from usual oil. And, in the companies hope that the price can even decrease, if volumes of straw and sawdust increase (design capacity of plant – 200 thousand tons of biofuel for a year). Initiators of construction of plant are also convinced that the real boom on production of biofuel is necessary for the twentieth years of 21 centuries.
Fuel from cellulose of the pozhnivny remains
The department of power industry of the USA in the report reported recently: From the power and ecological point of view grain ethanol obviously surpasses all types of fuel from fossil raw materials. And the ethanol made from a biomass (cellulose), will be the following considerable step forward. As as raw materials for cellulose ethanol stalks of corn, a grass, sawdust, a bark of trees, etc. serve. And these raw materials won’t be the competitor to food production.
Straw on fuel. Practice of neighbors
In Poland about 26 million tons of straw in a year are developed. By recent time it was remote for burning. For today, thanks to modern designs of coppers which are adapted for straw and biofuel burning, their CODE reaches 80-90 %.
Since the beginning of the 90th years of such coppers in Poland over ten units in capacity from 0,5 to 3,5 MWt, and also some hundred coppers which are loaded by straw, by capacity from 25 to 500 kW that are used as a power source in small housing estates and medium-sized enterprises, greenhouses and one-marital homes are established.
Straw burning in Poland is economic and thanks to state assistance. Replacement of coal boiler rooms on such that work at firewood and straw, answer the law on support of termomodernizovany actions. The law allows to obtain the credit for acquisition of a biocopper and a termomodernizatsionny award. The financial help is carried out in this case by some public institutions.
At several Polish institutes the question of briquetting of straw was studied. At selection of the corresponding methods and parameters, such technology can be quite highly profitable.
Except high investment expenses, in favor of straw use in power points to very low cost of straw, its preparation which in annual scale are made by 818 Polish zloties, at 1610 Polish zloties for a tree and 2062 Polish zloties for coal.
Formula of new automobile fuel
The Chinese scientists developed technology of receiving from straw and other biomass of fuel for internal combustion engines, about it Xinhua reports, being guided by information received from Institute of physical and chemical equipment of Academy of Sciences of China.
According to Xinhua, the new technology was used in experiments with 15-ma types of a biomass – rice and wheaten straw, stalks of a bavovnik, beans, corn, batatu, oil cultures, and also with foliage and wood sawdust. On heat allocation new synthetic fuel doesn’t concede to standard diesel fuel – scientists speak. In China annually year is developed 720 million tons of straw.