In article prevention questions mikotoksikozov are taken in detail up when feeding animals. Methods of disinfecting of forages at which harmful action mikotoksinov on animals decreases are described.
Transition of cattle breeders of Ukraine to new market forms of managing, disparitet the prices for energy carriers and production of agricultural industry, privatization of fixed assets, a razukrupneniye of the enterprises, change of forms of ownership, and also some other factors, led not only to a stop of the majority of formula-feed plants of the country, but also at the same time put employees of branch before need independently to solve problems of production of power saturated forages. At this conjuncture small-scale farmer and family households not always have possibility to buy all necessary for production of high-grade compound feeds biologically active additives. Large-scale financially strong cattle-breeding enterprises, on the contrary, presume purchase of compound feeds and albuminous and mineral and vitamin additives even abroad. But there them make, as a rule, without a real agrochemical situation in Ukraine that doesn’t provide expected effect. All this negatively affects efficiency of animals and product cost. Moreover, Ukraine has no constantly operating state program of control of pollution of grain and products of its processing, and therefore can easily become a place of sale of forages and the products polluted dangerous mikotoksinami, including such which at us for the present aren’t widespread.
In the conditions of deterioration of cultivation of the earth, decrease in level of introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, refusal of chemical methods of protection of plants the qualitative structure both vegetative weight of forage crops, and grain sharply changed. Pollution their various mikotoksinami became aggravated danger of defeat of forages causative agents of infectious diseases. The majority of them – a product of activity of mushrooms of the sort Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penisillium. Separate from them can develop in time of growth of plants on fields (them carry to so-called a field mold), others – in harvesting and at storage ("ambarny mushrooms"), and are also such which develop in any conditions favorable for their activity.
It is known that the processing equipment of storages of a silo and grain, formula-feed plants is always polluted by billions dispute of various mushrooms which remain after processing of the previous parties of a forage. They obsemenyayut new parties of the raw materials arriving in processing.
Complexity of fight against fungoid defeats of forages is not only that plants often bring disputes with grain to the earth and then are ill during growth on fields, the important factors promoting growth and distribution mikotoksikozov, it is possible to call also impurity of forages, fluctuations of their humidity and temperature, and also availability of oxygen. Plesnevye mushrooms grow at different humidity of a forage, but most their strong growth is fixed in a humidity range from 14 to 23 %. At higher humidity start raise a bacterium. Optimum temperature for growth of a mold of mushrooms of the sort Aspergillus and Renisillium – +20-32°C, and for the sort Fusarium – +24 – 28°S.
When using by mushrooms of nutrients – elements of destruction of carbohydrates, water is allocated, that is humidity of a forage increases that in addition promotes growth of mushrooms and emergence of toxins. And they essentially influence not only health and efficiency of animals, but also on a state of health of people, in particular, through consumption of the mealy food which have been quite often polluted mikotoksinami.
And still about 50 % of available vitamins and amino acids are thus lost. So, for example, vomitoksin call still "a factor of refusal of a forage" because it negatively influences consumption and digestion of forages by pigs (in a mouth of young growth ulcers, painful are formed especially at consumption of forages). It is produced by Fusarium graminearum mushrooms (so-called "a pink mold") which sprout, in particular, on corncobs.
Toxin zearalenon essentially influences reproductive functions of pigs and cattle (at its hit in an organism of an animal tumors of mammary glands and an atrophy of yaichnik are formed). A characteristic sign of defeat the zearalenony – existence at females of an estrogenny syndrome.
Toxin fumonizin is capable to cause nervous breakdowns and a necrosis of extremities in horses as it is established that it negatively influences separate nervous cells of a brain.
Fodder poisonings the okhratoksiny lead to disorder of work of kidneys. This influence extends on an organism of pigs and, especially, birds. Ruminants, thanks to existence of cicatricial microflora, are capable to transfer quite high concentration in grain sterns oxratoksina.
Most widespread of mikotoksinov – an aflatoxin reduces appetite and consumption of forages by animals, and also their natural stability to diseases. After absorption to the digestive highway of animals, an aflatoxin reduces in it number of white blood little bodies, in particular, T-lymphocytes, reduces the general level of a protein and globulin, reduces titr antibodies in blood plasma.
To zearalenonu pigs and dairy cattle are most sensitive, fumoniziny influence health of pigs and horses, trixoteceny (T-2 toxin, DAS) most of all influence a state of health of pigs and birds. Serious defeats of animals are fixed at consumption of the forages containing citrinin. Therefore workers of the agricultural and food industry are seriously concerned existence mikotoksinov in sterns, and scientists of the whole world intensively conduct search of effective methods and receptions of prevention of diseases of plants and grain mycoses, and also ways of decrease in poisoning action mikotoksinov in sterns and food. They define scales of losses from defeat of forages mikotoksinami, intensively conduct search of effective physical, chemical methods of a detoxication and perspective genetic receptions of fight against mycoses of grain losses for the purpose of minimization from consumption by animals of the struck forages.
Mikotoksina are capable to pass to milk and meat, thereby seriously to influence human health all complex of negative consequences from the activity. So, in particular, the aflatoxin gets to milk in the form of a metabolite – aflatoxin M1, and laws of the USA demand, that the maintenance of this metabolite didn’t exceed 0,5 mkg/kg. In countries of Western Europe these requirements more strict (0,05 mkg/kg of milk). In Denmark at concentration oxratoksina in kidneys of pigs at level of 25 mkg/kg will confiscate all hulk. Considering considerable harm to which put mikotoksiny at hit in food, WHO in 1991 officially suggested to limit the general contents oxratoksina And in grain to 5 mkg/kg.
Distribution mikotoksikozov is influenced by climatic features of regions. In the countries of the Southern and Central Europe are widespread fuzariotoksiny (vomitoksin, zearalenon, T-2 toxin). In a northern part of Europe (Denmark, Poland) more problems are connected with okhratoksiny A.Tak, in Denmark it was found in 19 samples grain of checked 33. In Germany oxratoksin And it was found in 13,3 % of samples of wheat, barley and oats. Aflatoxins most of all strike grain in the countries with a warm humid climate – in Latin America, the countries of Asia, Africa and in the southern regions of Australia. They get to Ukraine at an import grain and shrotov.
Fungi of the sort Fusarium are widespread in the countries with a temperate climate. Toxins which are produced by them, cause essential losses to producers of grain around the world. These mikotoksiny differ with the chemical nature and unite in the row trixoteceny, fumoniziny, zearalenony, moniliformin, fuzariyevy acid. From listed above most often meets deoksivalenol. Its hit in an organism of animals, especially pigs, leads to decrease in appetite, vomiting, oppression of immune functions and to violation of coordination of movements.
In experiences it is established, what even the insignificant amount of fuzariyevy acid in diets of pigs, suppresses their growth.
Mikotoksina? getting from forages to the blood course, are transferred to a liver where, thanks to oxidation-reduction processes, their detoxication is carried out. Process of a detoxication reduces metabolic availability of methionine that leads to decrease in growth and decrease in conversion of a forage. For the purpose of prevention of weakening of growth of animals some researchers recommend to enter in polluted mikotoksinami diets additional amount of serosoderzhashchy amino acids, in particular, methionine and cistein.
mikotoksinami scientists refer prevention of diseases of plants to the most effective ways of decrease in risk of defeat of animals and people in a field and grains in its cleaning, a dosushivaniye, storage and processing. So, in particular, the struck grain subject to mechanical cleaning or a fraktsionirovaniye. Dezoksinvalenol collects mainly on a surface of wheaten grain therefore separation of bran from it reduces level of the content of this toxin in a flour.
Researchers tested a large amount of various chemicals for their ability to destruction mikotoksinov. However only few of tested appeared suitable for application. Are most widespread inexpensive and simple in use: ammonia and ugleammoniyny salts (UAS). After processing of the polluted forages by liquid ammonia the increase in the contents the in the general and not albuminous azotov is fixed, and also ekstraktivny substances, thus solubility of amino acids increased for 25 %. It is necessary to note that processing by ammonia – procedure expensive and hazardous to health of people. Ammonia causes also metal corrosion. Ugleammoniynye salts (a mix of carbonates of ammonium) contain 20 % of ammonia and 50 % of carbon dioxide. The industry lets out them in the form of well soluble powder in water. At temperature from above 10°S ugleammiakaty are split on ammonia, carbon dioxide and water. Activity of the majority of types of plesnevy mushrooms chokes with ammonia, and carbon dioxide slows down growth of aerobic microflora. Thus, owing to a depolymerization of starch, change of structure of protein, an inactivation of fermental systems, it is lost vsxozhest grains, seeds of weeds and development of the ambarny weevil stops. Salts with success are used by Ugleammoniynye for preservation of grain of the increased humidity, and also for the purpose of a detoxication if grain is polluted mikotoksinami: aflatoxin, okhratoksiny, tsitrininy, zearalenony, patruliny, rubatoksiny, etc.
The last 2-3 years began to use such preparation as "Mikokarb" of production KEMIN firms (USA). It is made on the basis of propionic and ant acids, butilgidrooksianizola, mono – and digliceridov fat acids. The mechanism of action of this preparation is based that it contains components which reduce a poverkhnostnoaktivny tension of liquid and provides with it rather complete penetration them in a forage, and inhibitors available in them thus contain mold growth. One of the most effective methods of counteraction to growth of dry rots – drying of forages to humidity of 10-13 %. However in connection with high cost of energy carriers its practical use is economically inexpedient.
It is considered to be a method of fight against mycoses also creation of anaerobny conditions in a zone of storage of forages. It is established that number of dry rots only in the first few days storages of grain increased in anaerobny conditions, then this indicator sharply decreased. In 30 days of storage 100 units of dry rots were found in anaerobny conditions in 1 g of grain only. But creation of anaerobny conditions for storage of forages not always possibly in practical production therefore scientists study efficiency of various inaktivator and adsorbents mikotoksinov which would carry out the function directly in an organism of animals. These are bentonites, zeolites, alyumosilikatny clay, and also organic compounds of selenium. These connections effectively adsorb mikotoksiny and inactivate them. Thus they are deduced from digestion process without hit to the blood course. The mechanism of action of organic compounds of selenium on mikotoksiny forages still completely isn’t studied, but high efficiency of additives of this element in diets of turkeys and broilers is experimentally already proved.
It is established, for example, that the hydrated sodium – calcium alyumosilikat (GNKA) at introduction in a forage in concentration of 0,5 % essentially reduces the majority of negative reactions from aflatoxin action on chickens and reduces its concentration in milk of milk cows. At introduction such alyumosilikata in composition of compound feed for the chickens, struck with a mold with vomitoksiny, raised daily average prirosty their live weight.
By experiences carried out in India, Canada and the USA, it is established that the additive of culture of yeast to a diet of broilers which contained an aflatoxin, promoted the best preservation of a livestock of a bird and increase its daily average prirostov. In experiences of "in vivo" it is established that live cages of this yeast, depending on an introduction dose in a diet, chemically connect to 90 % of an available aflatoxin. In separate researches on a bird and on rats it was established that for organic compounds of selenium protective action against aflatoxin V1 is peculiar. In other researches the protective effect of selenium in a combination with vitamin E was fixed in experiences on broilers which received the compound feed struck with an aflatoxin.
Studying of degree of a porazhayemost of forages mikotoksinami, character and methods of fight against them and mikotoksikozami animals and a bird in Ukraine for some reasons for the present didn’t receive such distribution, as in countries of Western Europe and the USA. It is connected, in particular, with lack of high-precision and reliable express methods and devices for definition of the quantitative contents and specific features mikotoksinov in sterns. And annual losses of domestic animal husbandry from consumption of the forages struck various mikotoksinami, remain considerable.
Development of highly effective ways of protection of plants and forages from defeat by fungoid diseases, and also preparations and ways which effectively would contain growth of various mushrooms in optimum doses on sterns in the course of their cultivation, collecting, storage and processing, and also inactivated negative effect of mushroom toxins in a gastroenteric path of animals and people – an actual task for scientists of the Crimea.
The big future belongs to modern methods of biotechnology and, in particular, genetic engineering which didn’t tell yet the final word in common cause of fight against mycoses in plant growing and with mikotoksikozami in animal husbandry.
A.Lazarevich, doctor of agricultural sciences, Crimean institute of agroindustrial production of UAAN.