In a material of scientists it is told about features of biological products agronomical useful microorganisms such as Fosfoenterin and Rizobofit presented as in liquid, gelny and loose forms.
In modern system of agriculture the priority should be given to ecologically safe nature protection technologies of cultivation of crops. In this regard vsevozrastayushchy value is gained by biological products on the basis of agronomical useful microorganisms.
The southern experimental station of ISHM UAAN has own collection of otselektsionirovanny strains of the microorganisms possessing a complex of properties useful to a plant: Azotfiksiruyushchy, fosfatmobiliziruyushchy, roststimuliruyushchy and antibiotic activity. A necessary condition of their successful use in practice of agricultural production is development of manufacturing techniques of biological products.
Multifunctional biological products with long term of safety of optimum quantity of viable cages, economic are considered as the best when manufacturing and convenient in use. Proceeding from it, an important stage in creation of the production technology of microbic preparations is selection and optimization of nutrient mediums, substrata and conditions of cultivation of bacteria. On dominating function biological products conditionally differentiate on zemleudobritelny (improving a root food of plants at the expense of an azotfiksatsiya, transformations of almost insoluble phosphorus, synthesis of physiologically active substances) and protective (limiting number of pathogenic microflora and wreckers). The commercial preparations developed by staff of experimental station, in a form are subdivided into liquid, loose and geleobrazny (gelny).
The liquid form of a preparation contains the remains of the kulturalny environment, live microorganisms and their metabolites. Thanks to the simplified manufacturing techniques and applications, liquid preparations remain the most widespread form inokulyuma for processing of seeds of crops. Term of safety of viable cages in culture depends on a species of bacteria, but, as a rule, doesn’t exceed 25 days, behind an exception fosfoenterina (till 5 months).
Liquid biological product FOSFOENTERIN is developed on the basis of a fosfatmobiliziruyushchy bacterium of Enterobacternimipressuralis 32-3. This strain is capable to decompose almost insoluble organic phosphates (fitaty) that is important at its application on the southern soils, and also to produce the substances regulating growth of plants and promotes increase in efficiency of mineral fertilizers. FOSFOENTERIN it is recommended for preseeding processing of seeds of grain, vegetable and bean crops.
In the soil microorganisms are in the condition adsorbed on firm particles therefore in manufacturing techniques of bacterial preparations it is expedient to use the various sorbents carriers (substrata fillers) possessing certain physical properties. The choice of a filler depends, first of all, on properties of a strain of a microorganism. In biotechnology of soil microorganisms a dominating filler is the peat possessing a high moisture capacity and a big sorbiruyushchy surface. For associative azotfiksiruyushchy bacteria an alternative filler is the lignin – a product of hydrolysis of wood.
On the basis of the most effective, competitive and, at the same time, exacting to conditions of cultivation, strains of klubenkovy bacteria (rhizobium) is developed a highly effective vermikulitny preparation – RIZOBOFIT. The substratum carrier – vermikulit is characterized by stability of properties, maintains high-temperature processing and repeated sterilization without formation of toxic substances for bacteria.
The loose vermikulitny form of a preparation looks like the humidified weight of gray or gray and yellow color. Titr of cages of a preparation depends on a species of klubenkovy bacteria and reaches 2,0 – 6,0 billion on gram. The Vermikulitny preparation – RIZOBOFITrekomenduetsya for preseeding processing of seeds of the corresponding bean cultures.
Prospect of receiving microbic preparations which would have advantages liquid (in manufacturing) and loose (at storage).
Gelny form of preparations. In a development basis technologists and productions of gelny preparations it was taken to synthesize property of some species of bacteria sufficient for change of a consistence of the environment quantity ekzopolisaxaridov. The intensification of this process was carried out by configuration of a trophic part of the environment from available, cheap components and creation of the branched-out absorbing system. Today gelny preparations on the basis of production strains of Agrobacteriumradiobacter 204 (diazofit under grain), Agrobacteriumradiobacter 10 (agrofil under vegetable cultures), Alcaligenesparadoxus060207 (alkaligin under grain) and PaenibacilluspolymyxaP (biopodicid (BSP) under Zernov, bean and vegetable cultures) are quite popular. Gelnye preparations well keeps on seeds at the expense of own polysaccharides that excludes need of application of prilipatel.
The following, the direction in development of elements of technology of application of biological products in plant growing, is studying of efficiency of a complex (polishtammny) preparation. The complex biological product (KBP) is packed for each type of plants and consists, as a rule, of azotfiruyushchy, fosfatmobiliziruyushchy and bioprotecting microorganisms.
Thus, in the Southern experimental station of ISHM UAAN different types and forms of biological products on the basis of otselektsionirovanny effective competitive strains agronomical the useful microorganisms, recommended for preseeding processing of seeds of cultivated crops (tab. 1) which are widely known in Ukraine and in CIS countries are developed.
Table 1
Microbic preparations for agriculture
Application of biological products at cultivation of plants promotes increase of a crop and improvement of its quality. Biological products have the low prices, and their application allows to reduce doses of mineral fertilizers and chemical means of protection of plants that conducts to increase of economic efficiency of receiving production of plant growing. Economic effect of application of microbic preparations fluctuates from 20-200 úÓ¡./hectare., that depends on cultivated culture. It is important to note that the need for biological products at agricultural producers increases. In 2006, 2007 the Southern experimental station made for farms of the Crimea to 4500-5000 hectares/portions of biological products of different functionality that in nine times more, in comparison with 2003.
Technology of application of biological products. Processing of seeds is carried out in day of crops, and it is even better small parties directly ahead of crops. The seeds processed by biological products should be protected from direct sunshine and an overheat. Seeding is recommended to be made to the damp soil.
Preseeding processing of seeds by a preparation can be carried out manually and the mechanized way. Manual processing (inokulyatsiya) of seeds of grain and bean crops by a biological product carry out as follows. On canvas (or a film) fill seeds (hectare norm of seeding) and process a surface working suspension of a preparation which prepare by stirring of a hectare portion (100-200 g) in a quantity of water or a prilipatel, corresponding to quantity of seeds and a type of agricultural plants (tab. 2). Then seeds mix, serially lifting the opposite ends of canvas, for uniform distribution of a preparation to surfaces of seeds. The seeds processed by a biological product zatarivayut in bags also take out to a field for crops.
Seeds of vegetable cultures process an initial preparation or in cultivation with water 1:1. The amount of liquid for processing of seeds should make 1-2 % from weight of processed seeds. For application of preparations at cultivation of vegetables by rassadny way additional processing is recommended. Roots of sprouts dip in the talker of suspension of a preparation (1 part of a preparation: 100 parts of water) with a small amount of the soil.
The mechanized processing of seeds by a biological product carry out by cars for a protravlivaniye of seeds on technology similar with a protravlivaniye. For this purpose are suitable PSSh-3, PS-10 and others. Before operation of the car for a protravlivaniye it is necessary to clear carefully from yadoximikatov, to wash out and neutralize according to health regulations.
When processing seeds it is necessary to adhere to the main rule: the hectare portion of a biological product should be put on hectare norm of seeds, and the quantity of water in suspension should provide uniform distribution of a preparation on seeds and their flowability. Calculation of quantity of a preparation and water make for processing of hectare norm of seeds according to the ratios specified in table 2.
Table 2
Ratio of water suspension of biological products to quantity of seeds of crops
For the best uderzhivayemost of a biological product (liquid and loose) on a surface of seeds, especially a soya, it is desirable to use the prilipatel which dosage is differentiated depending on a preparation form. Apply the following water concentration of prilipatel: 7-12 % solution bards, 1-1,5 % solution of casein of technical, 2-3 % latex or treacle solution, 2-2,5 % solution of sodium salt karboksimetilcellyulozy technical (KMTs sodium), the removed milk (obrat) are used without diluting.
At work with microbic preparations it is necessary to adhere to observance of norms of labor protection.
Biological products and additional information on technology of application can be received in the Southern experimental station of Institute of agricultural microbiology of UAAN to the address:
K.Marksa St., 107, P.Gvardeyskoye, Simferopol area, AR Crimea.
Phone: (0652) 32-34-76; (0652) 32-30-50; (0652) 32-39-65
E-meil:
T. MELNICHUK, And. KAMENEVA, L. GRITCHINA, N ALEKSEENKO, Lake PANASYUK, N SHERSTOBOEV, N TOLKACHYOV, L. CHAJKOVSKAYA, T. PARXOMENKO/Southern experimental station of ISHM UAAN.