Article is devoted to the basic rules of cleaning and potatoes storage. Potatoes diseases, such, as fitoftoroz, a stem nematode and ways of prevention and treatment of these diseases are described.
Today on the difficult questions concerning an agrotechnology of cultivation of potatoes, Konstantin Davydovsky answers skilled kartofelevod.
How to arrive with the tubers which have become green and sprouted in a bush?
Gardening of landing tubers – an isyopytanny method of disinfecting of seyomenny tubers and giving of a bolyyoshy lezhkost by it, besides ozelenenyony tubers not to taste to rodents. If the earth in a crest at growth of the klubyony burst also a sunlight vyzval insignificant their pozeleneyony, tubers, certainly, it is possible otlozhit on seeds or, having cut off a pozeyolenevshy peel and pulp, ispolzovat, for example, on a forage to cattle. Only big doses the corned beef containing in strongly become green potatoes, are hazardous to health of the person and animals.
But if at the end of vegetation ustanavlivaetsya hot weather, it is often possible to observe, how some tubers so get warm on the sun that the top kidneys on them sprout and form leaves; on a surface of a tuber can vozniknut also solar burns. Even if to break off a young leaf, the tuber will soon sprout again as under solnechyony beams gathered the kriyotichesky sum of effekyotivny temperatures and vyshel from a rest condition. And strong burns can provoke rotting at storage. Won’t give a good harvest sprouted in the earth and on stalks tubers if them to use for the second landing in two-fruitful culture of potatoes. The unique rational way – to send them in a kompostny heap!
What to do with the tubers, struck the fitoftorozy?
With big disappointment it is necessary to read letters on how in days of mass defeat of potatoes fitoftorozy, many villages practise such to "method": the cold snap till October that those tubers to which "can" decay, decayed directly in the earth wait, and during overdue cleaning on a place dig in all found gnilushka. Because of poyodobny actions the considerable part of a crop is lost, and after all at early terms of cleaning of it it would be possible to avoid! Besides, the following landing of potatoes on this site, even some years later, will be doomed to defeat fiyotoftory as the mushroom activator of this harmful zayobolevaniye winters in the soil on the posleyouborochny remains struck with it.
It is necessary to remove the decayed tubers which have got during cleaning at once from a kitchen garden, not to use at all them for compost, and deeply to dig or burn. From a bush in which one sick tuber was found at least, it is not necessary to select on seeds even outwardly healthy tubers.
Correct agrotechnology considerably preduprezhdaet defeat fitoftorozy potatoes tubers. It means: culture cultivation in sevooborote, use of a healthy landing material and its protravlivaniye before landing, application system fungicidov (since the butonizatsiya period) for protection of vegetiruyushchy plants against mushroom diseases, a grebnevy way of cultivation and a mulchirovaniye of row-spacings that ogranichivaet hit mushroom dispute on tubers. At last, wound terms of removal of a tops of vegetable and harvesting, storage klubyony at optimum temperature and humidity.
Where to store the reaped crop of tubers, if summer in a heat?
It is known that early harvesting of potatoes blagoyopriyatno affects its trade dress (tubers are surprised wreckers less and diseases), safeties (germination of tubers in storage later begins), and the main thing – on seed qualities (extent of ekologichesyoky and virus degeneration of a grade decreases). In scientific literature advice is given to start cleaning of food potatoes in nachale witherings of a tops of vegetable, and seed – at a green tops of vegetable. Not to damage a gentle peel of potatoes, advise previously to mow and remove from a site a tops of vegetable, and sobstyovenno cleaning to start not earlier, than in two weeks when the peel on tubers will enough coarsen. Then sleduet, so-called, medical period: food potatoes within 20 days maintain in the dark at temperature near 15°S, and seed plant trees and shrubs on disseminated to light. Further the partition and, at last, a bookmark on storage during the period when air temperature inside and snaruzhi storages will approximately be made even is recommended.
However increase of summer temperature nonpluses in recent years kartofelevodov in many areas: by the beginning of an usykhaniye of a tops of vegetable air temperature even in a shadow it is not rare above 30°S. If at this time to remove a tops of vegetable and to leave kartofel in the earth heated by the sun, it it is simple ispechetsya. And cleaned potatoes in such conditions to contain, for example, in a shed or under canvas are impossible, after all and there very much hot.
What to do? Many truck farmers still vyzhidayut when the heat will fall down, and the tops of vegetable completely will dry out or pogibnet from fitoftoroza and as a result receive sick and vyrozhdenny potatoes. I advise to arrive differently. Esyoli temperature very high, and terms of the end of vegetation already came (for early grades these are 80-100 days after a poyosadka that in the majority of areas coincides with the middle end of July), urgently start cleaning. To Skoyosita a tops of vegetable and weeds, lay this biomass over crests, as a mulch, for protection of tubers against an overheat. Neposredstyovenno can start cleaning in some days, but to do it it is necessary accurately: tubers not to throw, not peresypat in bags, and to put in boxes and baskets. As soon as potatoes will dry out, it touch, gently that not povredit a weak thin skin, rub off, using hlopchayotobumazhny gloves, stack in tare boxes, and seyomenny a material wash and display in a shadow for an ozeleneyoniya. To get suitable container for potatoes now not problema – empty boxes there is enough in any market.
Tubers try to lower as soon as possible in in advance disinfected and dried storage with horoyoshy ventilation (a cellar, a cellar, a trench, etc.). Temperayotura there usually doesn’t exceed at this time 15-20°C – optimum for healing of small damages of a cover of tubers while on the street there will be still for a long time a summer heat. In boxes it is easy to find and remove tubers which nevertheless will deteriorate. To store tubers kartofelya in bulk now as it is inadmissible, as well as grapes clusters.
Whether to clean potatoes if the tops of vegetable again turned green?
During a drought if high temperature was for a long time established and plentiful watering on mezhduryadyam wasn’t made, the tops of vegetable of potatoes starts to turn yellow. But here passed a long-awaited rain – and from the hung stalks green escapes, on some of them even poyavilis buds again began to grow, were dismissed separate a flower. Some truck farmers prematurely rejoice, observing the phenomenon which is called as secondary vegetation – it seems to them that now and accumulation of the real crop will begin.
There comes autumn, there are rains, vegetation proceeds, truck farmers postpone and postpone cleaning. For secondary vegetation Slayovyank’s mid-season grade which in droughty areas after heavy rains can remain green till the end of October especially "is famous". But hopes are replaced by disappointment. At secondary vegetation new tubers are fastened seldom, and old, already sformirovavshiesya in a drought, izrastayut, forming freakish narosty, detkuyutsya, lose a trade dress, fissure.
Therefore always it is necessary to start harvesting taking into account group of ripeness which this grade concerns. So, term of vegetation of the mid-season Slav – no more than 125 days, it should be cleaned in August even if it botva costs to the green.
Dry decay or stem nematode?
Many truck farmers happen in recent years are extremely afflicted that the considerable part with such work of a soyobranny crop vanishes in a storage time. And sick tubers of such popular grades as Povin, Slayovyanka, the Entertainment, Promin, Picasso and others don’t become mokyory, don’t "flow", and, remaining dry, are as though stratified, truxlyaveyut and are mummified. Replacement of a posayodochny material and change of a place of storage of potatoes doesn’t help.
Such short description of symptoms, unfortunately, not pozvolyaet precisely to define the illness name, most likely, it is possible to assume that it is fomozny or fuzariozny decay. But that tubers are surprised at storage, besides in various storages, and the illness is shown even after replacement of a landing material on healthy, allows zapodozrit the prime cause of rotting of tubers – contamination of the soil a stem nematode. This microscopic chervyayochok gets into potatoes tubers (from a funic part) even during vegetation, and the injuriousness proyavlyaet in crop storage. Through damages to a peel, caused by a stem nematode, disputes of secondary mushroom infections which and vyzyvayut the dry decayed freely get to tubers. After the tuber started to rot, nematodes move on the next healthy tubers, poyovrezhdy and them. The center of defeat extends especially quickly at the increased temperature of storage. Therefore, chtoby considerably to reduce losses, it is necessary as soon as possible sozdat optimum conditions for potatoes storage (temperatura 3-4°S and relative humidity of 90-95 %).
Those truck farmers who will understand will correctly arrive, it is necessary what to treat not an illness, and the earth. And the only way of improvement of the soil in this case – removal kartofelya from a crop rotation on the infected site on probably bigger number of years. Process of clarification of soil from a stebyolevy nematode will accelerate cultivation of long-term herbs, grain and bean crops.
If vital circumstances don’t allow polnostyu to refuse potatoes cultivation on all zarayozhenny site, try to revitalize at least a part it, and on the infected earth vysazhivajte grades rather steady against a stebyolevy nematode, such, as the Dwarf 04 (possesses the highest stability), Poran, Borodyanyosky pink, the Riddle, Lileya, Obry, the Bylina, Vyriney, Nemeshayevsky 100, the Black grouse. If it is not possible to get the specified grades, use for a poyosadka only tops of outwardly healthy tubers (to cut klubni best of all in 3 days prior to posadki, after each cut dezinficiruya a knife and to contain shares in heat that the protective crust was quicker formed). Such simple reception reduces distribution of a stebleyovy nematode to 2-3 times.
What is the ratl-virus and as far as it is dangerous to potatoes?
Ratl virus (R-virus) – rather new "sore" on our potato sites. Treats group of kontaktyono-vector viruses, that is such which are transferred as insects, and mechanically – a contact way. Unlike many other viruses of potatoes which ugnetayut growth, development of plants also reduce the general urozhayyonost, without changing appearance of tubers, a ratl-virus proyavlyaet itself as well to surfaces of tubers in the form of the roundish ring-shaped swellings filled with infiltrate. These defects also guard kartofelevodov, especially with that are shown by time at storage of already collected outwardly healthy crop. But though spots on tubers, harakyoterny for this virus, are appreciable, the struck tubers rot at storage seldom. Much worse that, as well as other viruses, a ratl-virus reduces productivity of many hoyoroshy grades. For example, quickly "was drawn" on we wash a site Mollie’s very early German grade, sharply reduces productivity on some kitchen gardens a popular srednepozdny grade to Bernadetta. Unfortunately, symptoms of a disease a ratl-virus can be met now and on Ukrainian sortax. It is noted that this virus especially often strikes kartofel near landings of tobacco which is the basic rezervaty this disease.
Whether it is possible to keep purity of a grade, landing on one site some grades with tubers of different color?
Potatoes, as well as many other plants, breed as vegetativno (shanks, shoots, layers, klubnyami), and seeds. At reproduction of plants semenami there is a repollination of a grade and formation of hybrids – future plants which have grown from seeds parent, will inherit also genetics of a fatherly form. Nastoyoyashchiye botanical seeds from which scientists receive gibridy for further removal of new grades, obrazuyutsya it is exclusive in green berries of potatoes under blagoyopriyatny conditions of cultivation.
At vegetative reproduction including traditsiyoonny reproduction by tubers, receive a genetic koyopiya of a parent plant. The neighbourhood on a site of other grades can’t affect purity of clones of this grade of potatoes. I, for example, this year successfully tested on a svoyoy site of 104 grades of potatoes.
However very seldom it is possible to meet in one bush klubni with different color of a peel or pulp. So, one of bushes of a grade of Desiree somehow "gave out" to me 5 red and 4 yellow tubers, and at the Slav tubers not with light yellow, and practically with white pulp came across. Such anomalies – manifestations of natural mutations of plants which lie in osnove evolutions.
How it is correct to write the name of grades kartofelya – the Nevsky or Not weighty, Bellaroza or Bellarosa, Bernadett or Bernadetta?
Really, in literature on a karyotofelevodstvo it is possible to meet the distinguished options of writing of names of the same grades. It is pardonable, after all create potatoes grades not philologists. Certainly, it is necessary to call a grade how called its originator. But when translating into Russian and Ukrainian languages often there are misunderstanding though rules of spelling are defined. So, in Russian the word "potatoes" of a masculine gender therefore it is correct govorit and to write: grade Nevsky, Youth, Borodyansky royozovy. In the Ukrainian kartoplya language – a feminine noun therefore it is necessary to write: Nevsk, Molod_zhn, Borodyanska’s grade rozheva, etc. As to a prayovopisaniye of foreign grades, our edition predpochitaet to use spelling which the Register of grades of plants of Ukraine adheres. And there, for example, the nemetsyoky grade of Bellarosabyl at first is brought as Bellarosa, and in 2006 – as Bellaroza.
Whether effectively for updating of a grade to use it "children"?
Professional updating of a grade which became vyrozhdatsya, it is possible to make only in the conditions of scientific biolaboratory, having carried out himio-and thermotherapy, and then having grown up culture of a meristem of top sprouts in a proyobirka. But many kartofelevody successfully prolong viability of a grade available to truck farmers sposobami – grow up a grade in summer landing and two-fruitful culture, select on seeds tubers from the most zdoyorovy and productive varieties, etc. All ways accepted for fans, are based on hit restriction in an available seed material of a virus infection. It is possible to carry to tayoky ways and reproduction of a healthy grade by his "children".
In "children", unlike ordinary tubers, soderzhitsya much less solid, the infection from a mayoterinsky tuber passes only partially if it is possible so to speak, in a "razzhizhenny" look. Besides, vyrashchiyovy "children" in a place inaccessible to carriers virusov, we as though pass one reproduction, keeping grade health.
If possibilities to make replacement of a low reprodukyotsiya of this grade by elite it is not expected (that it is frequent byvaet with import grades on which we don’t conduct a seyomenovodstvo), it is possible to leave at once a part of tubers for all summer in absolutely dark cellar, having spread out them in one layer. On old tubers by autumn "children" who sometimes reach the size of small egg accrue. And healthy by sight it is necessary to select, dry and plant trees and shrubs in most krasiyovy of them accurately in a shadow, and then again to put on storage and to use in the spring for landing.
Repeating this procedure from year to year, it is possible to prolong viability of a grade sushchestvenyono. However to revitalize "favourite", but absolutely degenerated grade such spoyosoby it is impossible, of what on a personal experience some of our readers were convinced.
Last year I once again grew up in a cellar of "child" of a highly productive grade of Bellaroz. Having landed them this spring at the same time with other grades (landing of these "crumbs" it is necessary to make not more deeply than 5-6 cm), without changing an agrotechnology, from 1 kg of "children" received a crop in 35 kg of polnoyotsenny tubers.
It is possible to call what grades leaders this year?
The last favorable year for cultivation kartofelya on my memory – the 2000th. Since then there is a poyostoyanny check of grades on "durability", that is – on an ustoyyochivost to frosts, droughts, gradoboyu, fitoftorozu. Hard for kartofelevodov there was also this year with a heat more 30°S in May when young bushes couldn’t close the earth from destructive heat. In these conditions even very good grades couldn’t show the qualities. But nevertheless I will risk to call the leader not only this season, but also blizhayyoshy years – it is a new Polish grade of sredneranny term of a soyozrevaniye the Typhoon. Both on productivity, and on stability to neyoblagopriyatny factors it shows the second year the best results in my collection. In my opinion, Tayyofun – the worthy successor of such leading grades of last years, as the Slav, the Agave, Bellaroza.
In recent years the price for potatoes constantly grows. Began especially favorable to grow up it for realization in the market. Therefore the grades which tubers have the high marketability, attractive appearance are most valuable. Here it is necessary to note fine Ukrainian grades Tiras (wounds unripe) and Uzhgorod (srednepozdniya), German early ripe – Laura and Miranda, sredneranniya – Red ledi, Netherlands mid-season – Roko and others.
In the market very large tubers take cautiously, but we always happen are especially glad, if we will dig out a tuber-giyogant. I will call the most krupnoklubnevy grades: To an agave, Belyolaroza, Kiranda, Nagoroda, Nadiyny, Bylina, Entertainment, Promin, Skarbnitsa, Slav, Terra Gold, Kurod, Paradise, Koyosmos, Picasso and others.
Grades with excellent flavoring qualities not always bleshhut record productivity or a perfect form of tubers. It is necessary to allocate such novelties: the Ukrainian – Levada, the Bylina, Promin, Netherlands – Marlene, nemetsyoky – the Agave, Wetar, Karlen.
(On Ogorodnik magazine materials).