On future crop’s eve of one of the most perspective around the world cultures – a rape at us in the Crimea the cultivated area twice big is taken away, than was last year. But as practice, a rape – culture technological showed, without development of effective technologies business is doomed to a failure.
In this article just the technological miscalculations of farmers nullifying results of their work also are considered, recommendations how to avoid a mistake are made, the problem of creation of the scientific and methodical center which prosecuted subjects of technology of cultivation and processing of a rape, construction of modern processing plant rises.
Now, there is no, perhaps, such culture which so riveted on itself attention in the majority of the countries of the world, as a rape
Now, there is no, perhaps, such culture which so riveted on itself attention in the majority of the countries of the world, as a rape. Didn’t stand aside from rape boom and the Crimea. In our republic on the crop’s eve of 2007 the area twice big, than last year is occupied with it.
However there is a problem. In the Crimea there is no scientific institution on development of technologies of cultivation and rape processing, as a result agrotechnical mistakes often nullify efforts of farmers. The unique scientist who in detail is engaged in culture of a rape – the candidate of agricultural sciences Evgenia Slutsky, but his researches, unfortunately, yet didn’t find a wide circulation among the Crimean agricultural producers. And therefore we also decided to publish this article prepared by it.
The last two decades production sharply increased in the world maslosemyan a rape. Introduction of its new grades and hybrids with the low contents glyukozinolatov in shrote and erukovy acid in oil allowed to press such widely known culture, as sunflower, especially in EU countries where production of a rape for the last two decades increased more, than ten times. Rape oil is used on the food purposes, and processing products maslosemyan – an oil cake and shrot – as high-albuminous fodder additives practically for all animals and a bird. Rape oil with success is used in paint and varnish, perfumery, metallurgical industry. In the course of its cleaning (hydration, neutralization, washing, bleaching, deodorization) turn out phosphates which also use in production of food and fodder concentrates, and the fulfilled adsorbent – when manufacturing washing pastes and as oil at hardware plants. Rape straw is used for paper and cardboard preparation.
As we see, use of all crop of a rape without waste and products of its processing is adjusted.
Now the summer and winter rape occupies about 30 million hectares. His largest producers (except EU countries) remain China – more than 7 million hectares, India – nearly 7 million hectares, Canada – 5,8 million hectares.
In these countries use rape oil not only on the food purposes, but also for production on its basis of fuel for diesel engines, and also lubricants for engines and hydraulic systems. Thus it is necessary to remember that EU countries have no special problems with fuel from oil. And nevertheless they became the largest producers of biofuel from a rape. In Belgium and its Italy more than 400 thousand tons per year are made, France makes about 400 thousand tons, and Germany – more than 200 thousand tons.
Unfortunately, in Ukraine only the last two-three years the steady tendency to increase in production maslosemyan a rape and to growth of cultivated areas (0,1-0,2 million hectares), and was outlined in 2006 – about 0,5 million hectares. It is pleasant that though with delay for some years, and Minagropolitiki of the country can decades started to pay attention to production of a rape and its processing maslosemyan on oil and receiving a biodiesel engine from it. The attention has it while recommendatory character, without any capital investments in this branch.
At the separate enterprises of Ukraine, in research-and-production establishments installations (mini-plants) on receiving a biodiesel engine from rape oil already today are created. It is possible to give examples when farmers use such fuel for filling of tractors and carry out on it field works. We consider that the alternative to production of a biodiesel engine from a rape instead of fuel of an oil origin isn’t present. Now agro-industrial complex of the country – this largest consumer of diesel fuel and gasoline consumes in a year (respectively nearly 1900 thousand tons and 20 thousand tons).
Biodiesel engine use instead of fuel of an oil origin will allow to turn agrarian and industrial complex from the largest consumer of the last into the powerful producer of biofuel, at least for own needs. It is important to avoid whenever possible thus mistakes in selection and use of its developing installations. If today, at the first stage, it is possible to use simple type of mini-installation (that is available practically to each farmer), over time it is necessary to be guided by creation of large and average industrial plants. As experience of their application in EU countries already is. At them biofuel is made according to German and French schemes. On German technology use of plants of average capacity (sufficient for needs of one region of the Crimea) is provided. The French technology provides construction of more powerful plants (one such installation will suffice for all Crimea).
Now production workers of our autonomy have no consensus about prime cost received of maslosemyan a fuel rape. Many consider that its production is economically unprofitable. Here already really a living example of the Russian-Ukrainian thinking – in the West already make such fuel in hundred thousands tons, and all of us think.
Let’s try to make calculations. Market price of 1 ton maslosemyan a rape makes now 1200 UAH for 1 ton. According to institute of krestotsvetny cultures of UAAN (Ivano-Frankovsk), an oil exit when processing will make 40 % and 57 % an oil cake exit. Disregarding the oil cake price cost of 1 kg of rape oil will make 3 UAH. For receiving biofuel pure rape oil is exposed to eterifikatsiya process – processing by methyl alcohol at 80-900C in the presence of caustic potassium. The mix of methyl air of fat acids of rape oil (MERM) as a result turns out. It also is a biodiesel engine. The eterifikatsiya of one ton of rape oil needs 110 kg of methanol. As a result it turns out 1 tn MERM and about 100 kg of glycerin, i.e. from 1 ton of rape oil 1 ton of a biodiesel engine turns out. Having balanced cost of applied raw materials (methanol, caustic potassium) and the received glycerin, we find that cost of rape oil and received MERM will be equal – 3000 UAH for 1 ton – it without costs of processing of seeds. And rough costs of their processing of oil, and then oils on a biodiesel engine will make 25 % from oil cost. Thus the price of a biodiesel engine will make 3750 UAH/t. It is necessary to subtract cost of 570 kg of an oil cake from this bag at the price of 500 UAH (280 UAH). As a result the price of a biodiesel engine will make 3470 hryvnias for 1 ton. At filling station in as much diesel fuel, but one liter, instead of ton approximately will manage.
It is necessary to consider that applied calculations at the market price maslosemyan a rape yield obviously overestimated results. After all there will be no farmer or other agricultural producer to buy these seeds that them then to overwork on a biodiesel engine. Therefore it is necessary to do also calculations, proceeding from prime cost of grown-up own seeds. In this case the total price of a received biodiesel engine will be much lower, than we received by market calculations. And the productivity maslosemyan is higher than a rape, the their prime cost, and also a biodiesel engine received after processing will be respectively lower.
And here with productivity maslosemyan a rape just affairs are not very well. As as a whole across Ukraine, and in the Crimea, average productivity makes them 1,0-1,1 Ô¡/hectare.
The last two years in the Crimea the areas under a rape, especially winter sharply increased. So, on the crop’s eve of 2006 more than 16 thousand hectares, and on the crop’s eve of 2007 – more than 34 thousand hectares were sowed by it. However productivity remains to the lowest. So, in 2006 across the Crimea it is collected a little more than 11 c/hectares (it according to operative reports). It is sure that following the results of a final statotchetnost (f.29) this figure can be even lower.
Low productivity maslosemyan a rape can be justified everything. It and bad weather conditions, weak material base of farms, worn-out equipment etc. However hardly it is the main reasons. The main reason, I consider, a human factor. Seeming simplicity of technology of cultivation of this culture – error of many farmers. It also leads to gross blunders in technology of cultivation, and as result, to a considerable shortage of a crop.
The technology of cultivation of a winter rape developed by us allows to receive at least 25-30 c/hectares maslosemyan. It is developed as a result of statement of long one, two and three-factorial experiences for conditions of the foothill and steppe Crimea. The analysis applied in a number of farms of the Crimea of technology allows us to fix the following mistakes in technology:
1. A deviation from optimum terms of crops. There are concepts – optimum and admissible terms of crops. Optimum – within 10 days and admissible – in 5 days prior to the beginning of optimum and 5 days after optimum.
In the Crimea optimum term of crops – the first decade of September. It is asked, what crop of a rape it is necessary to expect, if in 2006 crops of a rape and at the end of September and even in October were actively carried out.
2. A deviation from optimum norms of seeding and depth of seal of seeds.
3. Exception of a doposevny and postsowing prikatyvaniye of the soil.
4. Mistakes in application of fertilizers.
5. Mistakes in pest control and diseases.
Each of the listed mistakes in technology of cultivation of a rape can reduce productivity for 20 % from an optimum level.
Especially considerable yield losses of a winter rape are allowed at its cleaning. Its wrong organization, incorrectly chosen way of cleaning brings in a number of farms to losses of 25-50 % of a crop and more. And if to allow miscalculations at postharvest completion maslosemyan on a current, it is possible to lose and all the rest.
To significant increase in prime cost, and it is possible and to yield losses leads use of expensive import grades and hybrids. For example, high-intensity German grades and hybrids provide realization of the high potential only at ideal observance of elements of technology of cultivation. Otherwise these grades and hybrids can lead to a boomerang effect – to decrease in a crop in comparison with domestic grades. The increase from use of import grades and hybrids can be only at such technology which would provide productivity more than in 25 c/hectares. It is necessary to remember, as the Ukrainian grades at appropriate leaving can be not worse on productivity, and even it is better, their potential – to 40 c/hectares. It testifies that use of superexpensive foreign grades and hybrids of anything, except a headache won’t bring to our farmer.
Now reached even to the point of absurdity. In optimum terms a good precipitation dropped out, but in an economy crops didn’t start, motivating with that they have German seeds which demand late term of crops. And when decided to sow, moisture is already cunning. It was necessary also these seeds starting to sow from the middle of optimum terms.
We already for many years stand up for creation of the scientific and methodical center for production of a rape. After all in the Crimea there is no scientific institution which would prosecute subjects of technology of cultivation and rape processing. And be such center, any production worker could address to his experts in the interesting his question connected with technology of cultivation and cleaning of a rape and by that to avoid mistakes. The center such to create yet late, it is possible on a self-supporting basis, by the conclusion of contracts on scientific support of cultivation of a winter rape. For a moderate payment the practical help at all stages of vegetation of a winter rape, and also in optimization of harvesting and postharvest completion of seeds on purpose if not a complete elimination, before minimizing of yield losses will be rendered to an economy.
In summary I want to note that the Crimea left on a boundary more than 30 thousand hectares of the area of crops of a rape. Therefore already now the government should think of construction of modern processing plant in capacity 80-100 tn processed raw materials per day. Thus the part of rape oil could go on production of a biodiesel engine, and a part – for needs of the fish and food industry and even for export. It is necessary, at last, to stop to export vicious practice olive raw materials and to pass to export of finished product – oil and an oil cake.
E. SLUCKIJ, candidate of agricultural sciences, assistant professor.