When to begin sowing winter, what norms of seeding, depth of seal of the seeds, to what grade to prefer you learn from L.Radchenko’s article, the deputy director on scientific work and K.Zhenchenko, the senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.
In PREDVERII CROPS
Scientists recommend
Farmers of the Crimea are on the threshold of one of the most responsible periods: crops of the winter grain. Winter grain and on the areas, and on gross collecting take the most important place among grown-up crops in the Autonomous Republic Crimea, and not only.
Throughout times appear and other cultural plants disappear, and winter wheat and winter barley steadily occupy 400-500 thousand hectares that makes 44-54 % of an arable land of the peninsula.
Today before grain-growers there are immemorial questions: when to begin crops, how many one million grains vyseyat on hectare and on what depth them to put and, of course, to what grade to prefer.
Great attention as scientific agriculturists and practicians, to terms of sowing of the winter it is not casual. Timely crops guarantee receiving the amicable, well developed shoots, in many respects define winter hardiness and, finally, cause stability of a crop and its quality.
In the beginning the last century professor P. I.Bogdan wrote … it is necessary to sow not as soon as possible, and is timely; at approach of an optimum combination of factors of growth and the development, plants of winter wheat providing normal formation about autumns and crops preservation from death during the winter and spring period. Professor P. T.Bogdan recommended such terms of sowing on the regions of the Crimea: in the northern – the second decade of September, in central – the last decade of September, and in southern – the first decade of October.
But established periods of sowing aren’t something invariable. As a result sortosmeny the new grades differing from earlier zoned, with inherent only them biological and economic signs (length of the vegetative period, a kustistost, winter hardiness are entered, etc.), dictate the rights changing weather climatic conditions, it is necessary to take into consideration and organizational and economic reasons.
We recommend crops in optimum and is admissible late terms. Early terms of crops are undesirable for a number of reasons.
Successful development and crop of the winter depend first of all on safe rewintering of plants, and winter hardiness is defined by phasic development and extent of their training. Vozrastno the young yarovizatsiya which have not finished a stage of a plant safely winter. Early crops under favorable conditions of their growth and development up the time of approach of low temperatures appear stadiyno older and have smaller resilience to frosts. Early poseyanny seeds to the dry soil up the time of sufficient moistening lose vsxozhest, grow mouldy. The dried-up plants of early terms of sowing considerably are damaged by the Giessen and Swedish flies, lozhnoprovolochnik, and also a bacteriosis, a rust. Time which is available before optimum term of sowing, it is necessary to use as much as possible not only for the purpose of soil cutting to a melkokomkovaty condition, but for the purpose of more elimination of weeds.
For today in the republic calendar terms of sowing of winter crops are accepted: admissible with 20.09 till 20.10 and optimum from October 1 to October 10. The given calendar terms are necessary for correcting annually taking into account developing weather conditions – a vlagoobespechennost and a thermal mode as optimum they happen not more often three years from ten.
We recommend to begin crops in optimum calendar terms when the arable layer of earth contains about 20 mm of moisture available to plants. If there is a dry hot weather, and in an arable layer less than 20 mm of productive moisture, crops of the winter should be postponed till the period when the daily average temperature of the soil will go down till 12-14 S.Seyat it is necessary either in damp, or to the dry soil, by no means it is impossible to sow the vpoluvlazhny soil at so-called "provocative" humidity (10-15 mm of productive moisture in an arable layer).
On the crop’s eve of 2006 g we put experiment on terms of sowing of winter wheat Odessa 267 and winter barley Rising. Obtained one-year data:
Culture Productivity on sowing terms
10.10. 15.10 24.10 10.11
lake wheat 36,6 39,4 33.6 20,3
lake barley 29,6 33,8 32,8 19,6
In the conditions of the most severe drought in the autumn of last year the first term of crops dated for October 10 and the last carried out in a month – on November 10. At crops in it is admissible late terms on October 15 and 24 received a crop rather high both winter wheat, and winter barley. Crops in obviously late term (and it is known that many still sow in the first decade of November) lowered a crop of winter wheat – on 13,3-19,1 c/hectares, and winter barley on 10,0-14,2 c/hectares. Crops of late terms don’t manage to take roots, save up enough of carbohydrates, therefore leave winter izrezhenny, weakened, lag behind in growth and development, considerably to a lesser extent compete with weeds in comparison with crops in optimum and admissible sowing terms.
By the standard agronomical rules, norms of seeding are established depending on the characteristic of soils (on carbonate chernozems the norm of seeding of winter wheat can be lowered to 4,5 million, and on solonetzic and light-chestnut soils the quantity of sowed seeds should be finished to 5,5 million/hectares, on predecessors (on pure pairs it is enough to sow 4,5-5 million vskhozhy grains, on not steam, especially on fields littered, increase norm of seeding to 5,5-6 million), at crops after optimum terms of sowing the norm of seeding should be increased also to 6 million. It is necessary to consider features of sowed grades at crops. Optimum norm of seeding of winter barley of 3,5-4,5 million vskhozhy grains on hectare, being guided by the same rules, as at establishment of norm of seeding of winter wheat.
Well-known that at crops there are no trifles. Depth of seal has not smaller value, than term of sowing and norm of seeding. In practice it was necessary to observe sickly weak crops winter on carefully cut field, poseyanny in optimum terms, but with deep seal of seeds. A rule – to close up seeds in a damp layer of earth – it is necessary to observe, but limiting depth of seal of seeds of winter wheat of 6-8 cm, and winter barley-4-6 see. Deep seal detains emergence of shoots and approach of a phase of a kushcheniye, reduces completeness of shoots of vyseyanny seeds. Small seal which serves as the reason of disjointed, izrezhenny shoots is undesirable also and the vymerzaniya, blowing of crops can cause subsequently.
It is necessary to correct depth of seal depending on the soil characteristic: on soils solonetzic, inclined to a zaplyvaniye and consolidation with heavy mechanical structure, depth of seal smaller of 4-5 cm, on the southern malogumusny chernozems, on chestnut soils the standard – 6-7 see. Depth of seal of seeds decreases at crops after optimum terms and at crops by seeds with low absolute weight.
Depth and uniformity of seal of seeds to the soil depends not only on quality of preparation of the soil, but also substantially, from adjustment, a technical condition and speed of movement of seyalochny units.
The correct selection of grades, along with a high agrotechnology, is pledge of receiving stably big crops. 2-3 grades of winter wheat and barley of various group of ripeness will allow an economy to use their potentials most effectively. High potential grades under our conditions possess: Victoria, Nikoniya, Selyanka, Lyubava, Krasunya, from grades zoned in recent years: Kuyalnik, Kiry, Dalnitsky, Lyon, Poshan, Pisanka.
Most unpretentious of zoned for our zone are grades: Odessa 267, Lyubava, Imagination. Them it is possible to have on the worst predecessors, they slightly react to a deviation from optimum term of sowing.
Grades: Kiriya, Poshan, Lyon treat high-intensity type and are recommended for cultivation on intensive technology.
Good results under our conditions give grades of the Kherson selection Kherson bezosty, the Dryad.
The grade belongs to the ultraearly – Znakhidka, early are – the Imagination, Nikoniya, the Prima Odessa. Luzanovka, Strumok, Victoria, Selyanka, Lyubava a little later ripens. The most late-ripening treat Odessa 267, the Ukrainian Odessa.
For wheat cultivation in a mix with Wicca it is possible to recommend bezosty grades for a green forage: Luzanovka, Outpost, Prima, Dalnitsky.
The zoned grades of winter barley conditionally are subdivided on typically winter and grades – the two-handles, capable to form a crop as at crops in the autumn, and in the spring. For our conditions grades created on Crimean GSXOS (the Snow-storm, Rising, Onega, Ogonkovsky) are the most adapted. Grades have high winter hardiness, drought-resistant, quickly grow at damage by spring frosts. The earliest are Ogonkovsky and Rising, in droughty years they manage to leave from a fuse and to create a big crop. At grade cultivation in SPK "Semisotka" of the Lenin area annual excess it over a grade the Cyclone makes Rising from 9 to 24 c/hectares. In winters with frequent thaw when several times during the winter renewal of vegetation winter is noted, the highest efficiency grades – two-handles differ. These are grades of selection of SGI: Rossava, Basis, Taman which are familiar for a long time to the Crimean producer, and new grades – the Native, Worthy. New grades differ in high potential of productivity – to 90 c/hectares, practically not polegayut, possess high drought resistance and complex stability to diseases.
For the agricultural producers who are engaged in cultivation of winter barley, it is desirable to have two grades: winter and the two-handle, that under any conditions of rewintering to receive stably big crop.
Time which has remained to a sowing campaign is necessary for using as much as possible for soil preparation under crops.
In a complex of the agrotechnical actions providing receiving big and steady crops of winter, a leading link nevertheless soil processing is. Where the soil up the time of crops of the winter it is prepared in due time and high-quality, crops passed in optimum terms with the set depth of seal of seeds, there always reap a good or satisfactory harvest, even in adversely developed weather conditions.
L.Radchenko, the deputy director on scientific work of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, K.Zhenchenko, the Art. the research associate of laboratory of agriculture KIAPP of UAAN.