In article concrete recommendations on the care of affected fruit plantings from January frosts are made at their formirovka of kroner, and also on work in pest control, diseases and weed vegetation in vegetation.
Gardeners of the Crimea once again appeared in a stressful situation after a January icy cold. Decrease in air temperature to critical values for many fruit crops and its long impact on plants made "dirty deed": behind some exception the potentsiyoalny crop of kostochkovy cultures is destroyed, in a number of gardening areas generativny formations of the majority of grades of a pear sushchestyovenno are damaged. Apple-tree plantings resisted to frosts better, however vsadovodchesky farms of the Kirov, Nizhnegorsky and Krasnogvardeysky areas the damage rate of fruit kidneys appeared also enough high – to 58 %. It is confirmed by results of detailed anatomic and microscopic studying of the samples delivered in the first half of February of a pas the Crimean experimental station of gardening more than from 70 farms of the Crimea with coverage of 3.5 thousand hectares of the area of long-term plantings. The data presented in the table, give the chance to estimate scales and geography of destructive influence of January frosts on fruit crops.
The significant damage is put to plantings of Nizhnegorsky, Krasnogvardeysky, Simferopol, Belogorsky, Kirov, Bakhchsarai areas which for many decades are the main producers of fruit production in the Crimea.
Along with ascertaining of death of fruit kidneys at peach trees, alychi, sweet cherries and pears the different damage rate podpochkovy tkayony, wood and a cambium (at a peach including on the 2-3rd summer branches) is noted. This circumstance will need to be considered at development of the system of care of poyovrezhdenny trees.
Each fruit crop are characterized individual osobennostyam overcomings of negative influence of frosts. For example, at pear trees the damaged fabrics of wood have ability partially or completely to restore the functions on providing vegetiruyushchy parts with a food and water. Ability to regeneration of fabrics peach trees if the damage rate of wood is low differ also, long-term branches and a cambial layer of cages aren’t damaged.
Studying of nature of frosty damages showed that the good condition of a floral kidney with the intact rudiments of a flower quite often took place at considerable damage of podpochkovy fabrics. It was observed at sweet cherry, a pear, an apple-tree and some other breeds. Such fruit kidneys can blossom in the spring, however this cold comfort as their system of a zhizyoneobespecheniye is broken and will take place at the best vegetative development.
Current situation assumes entering of certain amendments into system of actions on the care of fruit plantings. Creation of an optimum agrobackground in gardens for overcoming of negative impact of frosts and a vosyostanovleniye of potential of trees will be the most important task for gardeners in the current year. Thus the least affected cultures (an apple-tree and a pear) are necessary for cutting off before blooming of kidneys as in dalyyoneyshy their sensitivity to a mechanical vozdeyyostviye (especially fruit kidneys of a pear) essentially increases. Degree scraps of trees of these breeds in each case should be defined by such indicators as views of crops (taking into account frosty damages, existence and a condition of a gain of 2005, uniformity of filling of krone acquiring wood, compliance of the actual sizes of krone to recommended parameters. Neobyokhodimo also to pay attention to an age ratio of plodoobrazuyushchy branches, considering that the highest quality of fruits is possible poluchit on branches and kolchatka age 3-4 years aren’t more senior. Unlike an apple-tree and a pear, with obrezky trees of a peach, a cherry plum and sweet cherry it is not necessary to hurry up, especially in case of damage by a frost of long-term branches (wood and kamyobiya). As about crop preservation the question isn’t put, the task scraps should include ensuring the subsequent growth and filling of volume of krone with young acquiring wood. The prorezhiyovaniye of zagushchenny sites of krone and restriction of its sizes is if necessary carried out. The strong vozdeyyostviye on long-term branches is inexpedient to apply not to aggravate a condition of trees and not to cause a negative effect. If there is a neyoobkhodimost of performance of large cuts by means of a garden file (at yavyony dying off of a branch) they should be processed as appropriate and covered by the garden thief, or dense oil paint on natural drying oil.
About approach of a phase of active growth of escapes in the absence of polnotsenyony zavyazi and pi its small amount probably mass awakening of sleeping kidneys and development of escapes of zhiruyushchy character on long-term vetvyax. In this case and expedient carrying out the green opeyoratsiya directed on vylomku of unnecessary escapes in a neodrevesnevshy soyostoyaniye will be useful. Timely performance of this work will allow to exclude neproyoizvoditelny use of nutrients and the water, arriving in krone, to provide a bookmark and high-quality differentiation of fruit kidneys.
Feature of the prevegetative period in the conditions of the Crimea is that within days the essential difference of day and night air temperatures reaching 15-180C can be noted. Thus there is a dopolyonitelny danger of receiving morozoboin on shtambax and long-term branches, and also solar burns. These phenomena are accompanied by a longitudinal rastresyokivaniye of a bark, an omertvleniye and rejection of the damaged fabrics that krajne adversely affects subsequently a physiological condition of trees and their efficiency. To prevent damages of such character it is possible by whitewashing shtambov limy or cretaceous solutions from dobavyoleniy 3 % of a copper vitriol.
Important receptions for restoration of activity of povrezhdenyony trees are maintenance favorable water and food rezhimov that will provide formation of the healthy sheet device, development normal prirostov and a laying of a high-grade fruit kidney on the crop’s eve of next year.
Wreckers and diseases of fruit crops often happen the reason a snizheyoniya of quantity and quality of a crop, and sometimes and death of fruit-trees. The question of protection against them gets a special urgency under extreme conditions which developed in the current year when from a frost depending on breed partially or completely were lost not only rostovy and fruit pochki, but also wood. Under the circumstances in gardens it is necessary to apply all complex of agrotechnical and chemical actions. Their Primeyoneniye during the early-spring and spring period will allow to reduce as much as possible the fruit and wakened rostovy kidneys on the damaged trees, and during the summer period – a crop and growing young escapes.
For protection of trees against damage by hares it is necessary to carry out a binding to the early-spring and spring periods shtambov or processing by frightening-off substances. It is possible to carry out processing by a kanifolny varnish (0,5 kg of rosin on one liter of carbolic acid, a slaked lime with a feltwort and blood of animals (1:1:1). For fight against myshevidny rodents follows ispolzovat the poisoned baits.
To carry out cleaning of gardens and territories adjoining to them of thickets of wild-growing trees and bushes on which a number of types of the harmful organisms passing further to fruit-trees to remove trees, lost and drying out as a result of damage by bark beetles or other wreckers breeds.
To carry out fight against a drevesnitsy caustic and yablonny steklyannitsa. In young and slabozaselenny a drevesnitsa gardens, it is expedient to apply a meyokhanichesky method of fight by introduction in courses of a twig or soft provoloki and a razdavlivaniye of the wrecker in them. During the period when caterpillars began pitatsya, the priming pesticides in the increased concentration which are entered into courses by means of a rubber pear or a syringe with the subsequent zayomazky openings the garden thief or wet clay is effective. SHtamby the trees, strongly damaged by a steklyannitsa, clear of the old died-off bark and before nachayoly a departure of butterflies cover with a thick layer of clay with a feltwort with dobavleyoniy preparations of phosphoric organic chemistry. Before swelling of kidneys shtamby and skeyoletny branches it is necessary to process pesticides.
During the spring and summer periods in fruit plantings it is necessary to give special attention to fight against quarantine types of wreckers, such as a kaliyoforniysky shchitovka and east plodozhorka. In the absence of necessary measures for protection of gardens the Californian shchitovka for, 5-7 years can ruin completely fruit-trees, east plodozhorka damaging young escapes, can if not to ruin, it is essential to brake process of restoration of krone in gardens, victims of a frost.
It is necessary to pay also a close attention to carrying out protective measures in fight against weevils which were extended in recent years mass development and. These are such types as a bukarka, the brent, yabyolonny and pear cvetoedy, the gray pochkovy weevil. Injuring kidneys, a flower, leaves and fruits they can do irreparable harm especially in sadax victims of frosts.
During the spring and summer periods, irrespective of existence or lack of a crop, on all fruit breeds it is necessary to carry out all complex of zayoshchitny actions in pest control and diseases which will pose threat of a disease of leaves and their loss, and also decrease in a koliyochestvo and quality of a crop. Thus, it is necessary to pay attention to fight with parshy, and in the presence of a crop – with sawyers in semechkovy gardens, in peach nasazhyodeniye – with east plodozhorka and a kurchavost of leaves, in nasazhdeyoniya of a cherry, sweet cherry and an apricot – with moniliozy, klyasterosporiozy.
For the purpose of decrease in number of wreckers and an infection of diseases in ployodovy plantings it is necessary to carry out in due time fight against weeds in row-spacings and pristvolny strips.
Thus, a partial or full yield loss in a garden at all oznachaet that it is possible to switch the attention to other objects and for a year about a garden to forget, It is necessary to remember the main thing that the crop of the future and the next years will depend on as far as trees will restore the potential in teyokushchy year, and it, in turn, in many respects depends on the agropersonnel, from timeliness and quality of performance of the agroactions provided by technology.
The analysis of a damage rate of fruit crops from winter frosts during the period from January 21 to January 27, 2006 in the agroindustrial enterprises Arkrym, in %
Performer: Crimean experimental station of gardening of Institute of gardening of UAAN
The analysis of a damage rate of fruit crops is carried out in 70 farms on the area of 3,5 thousand hectares
L.Tankevich, head of department of an agrotechnology, candidate of agricultural sciences, P. Ogirenko, senior research associate Crimean experimental station of gardening.