In article the role of microorganisms in creation of fertility of the soil is shown. Recommendations about application of biological products are made. Besides, it is specified, where it is possible to get them.
Article in "Agromir"
Sowing of winter crops comes nearer, and it is a high time to remember and reflect that the condition of crops depends not only from traditionally habitual zemledelam agroreceptions, but also on an orientation and activity of the microbiological processes proceeding in the soil rizosfer of plants.
It is necessary as not to forget and that process of a gumifikatsiya of the vegetative remains carried out by soil microorganisms and other organic substances takes a key place in enrichment of soils by a humus – the main factor of fertility and physical properties of the soil. That is why, at modest present possibilities, the care of the farmer of preservation and return to the soil of organic substance, anyway, created by the plants cultivated on it, should enter in a row paramount tasks. Therefore burning out of an eddish it is necessary to consider as an elementary obvorovyvaniye of soils as a result of which in them will contain ever less a humus.
On the importance for fertility of the soil, microorganisms occupying it and, finally, for plants, receipt of power uglerodsoderzhashchy connections in the form of lifetime root vydeleniye and root opada is essential. Their total quantity can reach 40 % of products of photosynthesis of a plant, for the right of possession by which among soil microorganisms the hardened fight is developed. From the one who will manage this titbit, in an essential measure the plant condition depends also. Will manage to take control of them a phytopathogen – trouble to a plant, and they will get to azotfiksiruyushchy microorganisms, fosformobiliziruyushchy or stimulating growth and development of plants – continuous advantage. And therefore the main task of associative agrarian microbiology is the care of creating in a rizosfer of cultivated plants such microbic community which, consuming the power arriving from a plant, executes functions useful to a plant and as much as possible blocks harmful (development of activators root gnily etc.).
The nature provided necessary mechanisms of management of the main processes providing activity of all organisms, including plants. It and fixing of nitrogen of the atmosphere, and transformation of compounds of phosphorus and other plants of organogenny elements necessary for normal development and microcells.
The nature and mechanisms of protection of plants from wreckers and diseases provided. And the most part of the mentioned functions is carried out by microorganisms. Rationally using evolyutsionno the mechanisms of interaction debugged by the nature between organisms, it is possible to operate an ecological way the most important biological processes of agricultural production, without entering into a global contradiction from the ekosfery.
The healthy, normally developing organism, and all its bodies, exist by all means in an environment normal microflora for it which any violations create the real precondition for transition of an organism in a pathological condition.
The root system of plants doesn’t represent an exception. In a certain measure its normal state can be induced by a purposeful introduction to root system of a plant specially selected and carefully picked up for this type of a plant of the microorganisms, capable to predetermine "normality" of a microbic environment of its root system for the entire period of vegetation.
Practically it is reached by a preseeding inokulyatsiya of seeds the corresponding microbic biological products.
In the Southern experimental station of Institute of agricultural microbiology the wide range of microbic biological products of a various functional orientation on the basis of agronomical valuable microorganisms is created:
DIAZOFIT (RIZOAGRIN) and RIZOENTERIN. Biological products developed on the basis of associative azotfiksiruyushchy bacteria. Improve a nitric food of plants, promote increase in a grain yield: winter and spring wheat – on 3-7 c/hectares, barley – on 4-10 c/hectares, rice – on 4-10 c/hectares and to grain improvement of quality. They also increase stability of plants to biotic and abiotichesky stressful factors.
Fosfoenterin (FMB 32-3). The preparation of microorganisms, mobilizuyushchy trudnoyodostupny phosphates, increases efficiency of phosphoric fertilizers and soil phosphates, is a growth factor and developments of plants. It is applied under grain, bean and vegetable crops.
Biopolitsid (BSP). A biological product suppressing growth of phytopathogenic mushrooms. By efficiency doesn’t concede to chemical protravitel – fundazolu, a maxim, bajtanu. It is applied to processing of seeds of grain, bean and vegetable crops. Unlike chemical protravitel it by the nature is harmless and capable to protect root system of plants from root gnily not only at an early stage of development, but also throughout the entire period of their vegetation, without suppressing functioning agronomical valuable species of soil bacteria. It specifies that it is well compatible to other biological products improving a nitric and phosphoric food of plants, and can be applied together with them.
Preparations put on a surface of seeds before crops. For processing of a hectare portion of seeds (180-250 kg) 100 ml of a preparation or 300 ml of the complex consisting of three biological products (on 100 ml of everyone) are spent. Application, both separate preparations, and their complex, increases efficiency of crops of wheat and barley for 5-20 % and quality of received production, without rendering negative impact on environment. Advantage of a complex of biological products before monoshtammovy in bigger stability of action on years. Numerous field experiments confirm efficiency of application of biological products at a preseeding inokulyatsiya of seeds of grain crops.
Table 1
Efficiency of a preseeding inokulyatsiya of seeds of grain crops biological products
Note: a complex of preparations – a mix diazofita, FMB and BSP.
* – Vitavaks 200 ff
N. Sherstoboyev, senior research associate of the Southern experimental station of Institute of agricultural microbiology of UAAN.