The main domestic producers of the equipment promoting introduction of the minimum and zero technologies of processing of the soil, application of this or that model are brought in specific conditions.
UDC 631
In structure of prime cost of agricultural production to 78 % of expenses it is the share of energy carriers.
Long-term practice of agriculture in the south of Ukraine, shows that reduction of depth of processing of the soil is one of major factors of a minimalizatsiya of its processing, decrease in power consumption of operations and moisture savings. Therefore soil-cultivating tools for preparation of the areas under grain grains, and it is nearly 50 % of arable lands, are designed counting upon the maximum depth of loosening by the 14-16th thanks to what the width of capture of units increases to a full load of capacity of tractors.
For performance of this operation most are suitable:
– a cultivator – ploskorez PRN-4,1 (the Simferopol RMZ);
– cultivator heavy KN-7,2 (JSC Odesselmash);
– cultivators heavy KTK-8 and KTS-6,4; KOP-7 (JSC Dneproagromash);
– cultivators heavy KGS-8M and KPE-6H (JSC Donetsktochmash);
– a cultivator heavy combined KShN-5,6 (JSC Ga leshchina mashzavod);
– cultivator heavy protivoeroziyny KVP-7,4 (joint stock company Shepetovsky plant of cultivators);
– unit chizelny AChN-3,0 (JSC Galeshchina mashzavod), etc.
For example, ploskorez PRN-4,1 has productivity in 1 hour of the main time 3ga and fuel consumption to 10 kg/hectares.
Especially important for moisture accumulation in the soil reduction of terms of works, reduction of expenses of energy carriers, preservations of an ecological situation use of the combined units. It is the block and modular AG-4 unit (JSC Odesselmash) which allows to use on one frame of the car different sets of tools and the working bodies, the combined units AKSh-3,6 and AKSh-5,4 (JSC Hmelnikselmash), KNK-4,0 and KNK-6,0 (JSC Dneproagromash), KKP-3,6H and KKP-4,5 (JSC Tochmash), all operations of processing of the soil carrying out for one pass under crops.
Propashnye kulturytrebuyut for the development of deep loosening of an arable layer with concentration of nutrients in the 10-30th layer. Such education a root – a containing layer is provided by processing with a turn of a layer which is provided with plows with a dump which production is adjusted in Ukraine. It, first of all plows of production of JSC Odesselmash:
– the hinged: PNL – 8-40; PMU – 5-35; the STUB – 4-42;
– the semi-hinged: Software – 8-35; I WILL KICK – 8-40 to the DD-8400 tractor (firm "John Dir");
– werewolf the semi-hinged: PON – 7-40; PON – 5-40.
Plows of production of Shepetovsky plant of cultivators;
– the hinged: PN – 5-35; PN – 6-35; PN – 8-35; PN-10-35;
– the hook-on: PNP – 8-35; PNN-10-35.
Interrow processing of propashny cultures makes to 60 % of all amount of works.
These expenses can be reduced in 2-3 times at the expense of use of rotational mattock MRN-5,6 which passed the state tests. The mattock carries out continuous processing of the soil on depth to 5sm on steps of propashny cultures with simultaneous destruction of weeds in the phase "threads", allows not only to reduce costs of interrow processing, but also to reduce their quantity and to exclude application of herbicides that will allow to have non-polluting agricultural products. Productivity of a mattock in 1 hour of the main time prior to 9ga, and fuel consumption on 1ga is less 1kg.
Quite good results give on processing of propashny cultures before and after shoots spring harrows of the BNP-12 type (JSC Galeshchina mashzavod), ZPG-15 (JSC Lozovskoy KMZ), etc.
Minimalizatsiya soil processings (the superficial mini-till technology) considerably reduces energy consumption, and application of pochvosberegayushchy zero technology of processing of the soil (NO-till) would allow farms to perform works on cultivation of agricultural cultures with fuel consumption to 75 kg/hectares.
Introduction of the minimum and zero technologies restrains not only for purely technical reasons, it is necessary to change philosophy of the producer, his outlook. The problem is more in the person, rather than in the earth.
In 2004-2005gg. domestic selkhozmashinnoproizvoditel developed the soil-cultivating combined units which at the corresponding additional equipment have possibility on minimum processed fields to carry out processing and tape crops of the grain. It, first of all, APK-5,7 units (software The Ukrainian agrarian equipment) and MVZ-4,5 (JSC Ga leshchina mashzavod).
For the period 2000-2005gg. The southern Ukrainian machine and test station (MIS), carried out 160 tests of equipment for soil processing of which cars and tools for deep processing of the soil make 4,0 %, for the main processing of the soil under grain crops on depth to 16sm – 44 %, superficial processing of the soil – 52 % of total of cars.
From 160 names of the equipment tested by MIS, only 26 names of the combined cars for soil processing. From the provided data it is visible that production and need of users for cars for deep processing of the soil decreased. The requirement and production of heavy protivoeroziyny cultivators and disk harrows increased.
For effective use of soil-cultivating equipment of new models and the combined units, are necessary power sated a tractor with engines of 250-300 h.p. which in Ukraine aren’t made.
Thus, wide introduction of resource-saving and ecologically safe technologies of processing of the soil in the south of Ukraine will provide a minimilizatsiya of expenses for production of agricultural products, will increase productivity of agricultural cultures, will create conditions for ecologically safe environment.
(On magazine materials Equipment of agrarian and industrial complex).