Authors of article tell about importance and problems of agrotechnical reception of "scrap". Are provided in article and high-quality features of development of grapes.
Wine growing possesses one of the places of honor in the history of development of human culture
Wine growing possesses one of the places of honor in the history of development of human culture. Any of other useful plants of the globe isn’t sung by poets of all times and the people with such admiration and love, as a grapevine.
The culture of grapes is possible in different parts of the globe, but its industrial culture is developed in areas, climate and which soils create favorable conditions for harmonious development of a grapevine.
Grapes of an European-Asian look possess low cold constancy, rather high stability to an air drought, but to fertility and sufficient moistening of the soil react strong growth and high productivity. Areas of industrial wine growing differ an unstable, difficult and severe environment. The most part of vineyards of Ukraine settles down in the conditions of the continental moderately frigid climate, being characterized in quite severe winters.
Possessing a complex of valuable economic and biological signs, grapes are however insufficiently steady against low winter temperatures. Especially it is shown in zones with unstable temperatures the autumn – the winter period. The South of Ukraine belongs to such zones (AR Crimea, the Odessa, Kherson and Nikolaev areas) where the main areas of vineyards are placed also.
Due to the instability of weather in separate years from natural cataclysms (autumn, spring frosts; hail; frosts; drought; hurricanes etc.) on the considerable areas vineyards can remain without a crop.
In each next year it is necessary to consider weather conditions (short-term, long-term forecasts) features of their adverse manifestations which can affect culture of grapes.
At grapes cultivation as in a private sector, and commercially it is necessary to carry out a complex of agrotechnical receptions. One of most important of them – a scrap. It consists at a distance from bushes or truncation of a part of annual escapes and older, damaged branches.
Agrotechnical reception of "scrap" is directed on formation of the sufficient sheet device of plants and bodies of fructification in bush krone; for the stable guaranteed receiving a konditsionny crop; for the accelerated introduction of a young bush in fructification; for giving to a bush of a certain form and its maintenance during all life of a plant; should promote wide introduction of mechanization of care of plantings; to create conditions for successful fight against diseases and wreckers.
Task scraps are defined by the age periods of life of a grape plant:
– period of accumulation of vegetative weight;
– period of complete fructification of a bush;
– period of aging of a bush.
Differ, in connection with age and weather situations, ways scraps: on rejuvenescence; on formation; on rationing; on exhaustion; preliminary and final; and also special types scraps – the bushes damaged by frosts; bushes, affected by a hail; the bushes damaged by winter frosts.
In the conditions of a concrete situation, age of planting, a grade, specifics of culture the differentiated can be applied a scrap. Each grade of grapes has to the characteristic only one grade or group of grades inherent features of development:
To Aligota – the grade is characterized by ability to develop on escapes on
2–4 clusters and to form a crop of sleeping and replacing kidneys.
Bastardo – is characterized by ability to form a large number of well developed stepsons, to develop plodonosny escapes from replacing and sleeping kidneys on long-term wood.
Cabernet Sauvignon – the silnorosly grade, is inclined to education of the plodonosny stepsons replacing, sleeping kidneys and the angular eyes giving an insignificant crop, at short a scrap the plodonosnost of the bottom eyes raises.
Merlots – replacing, sleeping kidneys and angular eyes are unproductive.
Pin – plants of this group of grades quickly recycle efficiency, at injury of the main kidneys develop replacing which are also productive.
Rkatsiteli – escapes from sleeping kidneys practically without a crop (on the average K1 – 0,25), for restoration or increase in a crop can be used the last year’s stepsons which efficiency doesn’t concede to a crop of the main escapes.
Isabella – the grade is capable to develop plodonosny escapes from sleeping, replacing kidneys, and also on long-term wood.
Lydia – a part of escapes forms with 3-4 clusters.
Apparently, practically all grades are unique and peculiar.
The grape bush can be cultivated at corresponding annual a scrap. She should be carried out to the period of relative rest of a grape plant, that is from the moment of foliage subsidence – prior to the beginning of blooming of eyes.
It is necessary for scrap of a vineyard to begin with more cold-resistant grades, mainly technical, and also on sites less subject to frosts (to a height, open massifs); after a preliminary estimate of a gain (to define number of high-grade escapes); at a scrap after frosts, having defined level of damage of eyes.
Results of a mikroskopirovaniye of a rod on the crop’s eve of 2008.
At a scrap after frosts it is necessary to determine bush loading by eyes taking into account the amendment.
Quantity of eyes necessary for bush loading taking into account damage percent.
The values of loading given in the table taking into account damage of eyes by frosts on a formula pay off:
But = 100 x (Np/Ps), where: But – loading final, piece/bush, Np – planned loading, piece/bush, Ps – percent of safety of eyes.
The moment of equipment of performance scraps isn’t less important and considerable in process scraps of a grape bush: a scrap on a fruit link or a scrap on an arrow.
Actions after a scrap and to care of a grape bush should be carried out taking into account features of each site, its high-quality structure and a planting condition.
M. Beybulatov, candidate of agricultural sciences, head of department of an agrotechnology, N. Tikhomirov, younger research associate, N. Urdenko, younger research associate grapes and Magarach wine Institute, Yalta.