In article it is told about history of cultivation of flax with prehistoric to our times. Value of this culture in a national economy is also shown. Grades of flax olive, the olive cultures created by Institute in Zaporozhye are listed.
2 About
Some words from flax history. Flax the most ancient cultural plant cultivated by the person since prehistoric times. At excavation, in layers which treat the Stone Age, flax stalks with boxes and seeds are found.
There are 4 groups of flax: lyon-dolgunets; lyon-mezheumok or flax – intermediate; lyon-kudryash or lyon curly-headed, or rogach; lyon stelyushhijsya. We will stop on flax olive which covers 2 groups: lyon-mezheumok and lyon-kudryash. The areas of crops of flax olive in the world make about 3,5 million hectares. From them the biggest – in India, Canada and China (920, 820 and 620 thousand hectares respectively).
In Ukraine and on the Crimean peninsula lyon was known in the 5th century. Thus, in the conditions of the foothills and on valleys of the rivers, grew up lyon a dolgunets for receiving fiber, and in a steppe part of the peninsula everywhere planted flax mezheumok or flax olive for receiving oil.
In steppe to the Crimea lyon olive on indicators of net profit doesn’t concede to winter wheat.
During pre-war time the Crimean state selection station (nowadays the APP Crimean institute) not only conducted seed-growing work on flax olive, but also on the basis of local country grades carried out selection work. Officially selection work with flax olive was begun in 1930. As a result of the carried-out work in 1939 three grades of flax were transferred in State commission on a sortoispytaniye olive: Crimean 316, Crimean 250 and Krupnokorobkovy. Good reviews of these grades of flax were received with Gossortouchastkov of a number of regions of Russia (Rostov, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk, etc.), and also from the Bashkir, Kirghiz federal republics.
The grade Crimean 250 from 1953 g was zoned across Odessa region.
Then, in 1955 g according to the government decision cultivation of flax olive across Ukraine was stopped.
In our country, after quite long oblivion, both lyon a dolgunets, and lyon olive again began to be in demand. Interest to flax olive grows in recent years in connection with wide demand for its production, as in our country and abroad.
Value. Seeds of flax olive depending on a grade and conditions of cultivation contain from 40 to 50 % of oil which structure includes five fat acids. Because of such structure this oil has very wide range of application. It is applied in the paint and varnish, soap-producing, tanning industry; when manufacturing linoleum, and also in such branches as the car – and shipbuilding, metal working, etc. Thanks to that flax oil quick-drying, prepare the best drying oil from it.
From an extreme antiquity seeds of flax were applied in traditional medicine, both to treatment of animals and for treatment of people. For today seeds of flax are used in pharmacology, for preparation of drugs and cosmetic preparations. Say about bilateral use of flax olive in the sense that it is valuable in it not only oil, but also its stalks.
Stalks of flax olive, of course, on all indicators concede to flax to a dolgunets, but at the corresponding processing can give fiber of quite satisfactory quality. This fiber can be used for manufacturing of a sacking, ropes, a twine. Besides, of straw of flax olive make paper, a cardboard. Technologies are lately developed for receiving from a short flax fiber kotonizirovanny that in the absence of cotton, has for Ukraine great value.
Utility of production made from flax olive – is one party of business, is also another. In recent years in the south of Ukraine the structure of cultivated areas changed: the areas under corn and other forage crops decreased, the areas of crops grain on grain i.e. on an eddish increased. There is a search not only predecessors under winter grain, but also search "new" or long ago the forgotten "old" cultures which would be not only good predecessors under grain, but had sale and payback, i.e. were quite profitable and can partially replaced the same winter grain in structure of cultivated areas. Among such cultures not the last place occupies and lyon the olive.
Use in floriculture. There is one more aspect of application of flax – its use in floriculture. Just presently scientific selectors on the basis of forms of flax available already deduced decorative grades of flax with success are involved for gardening.
Grades of flax olive. On change Cyanogen in the Register of grades of plants recommended for cultivation in a steppe zone of Ukraine such grades as Pivdenna nich, the Debut, the Iceberg, Orpheus are offered an out-of-date grade. All of them are created by institute of olive cultures (Zaporozhye).
Grades differ resistance to drowning and an osypaniye, are adapted for the mechanized cleaning, are characterized by high potential productivity, high-olive.
Grade Pivdenna nich. Height of a stalk 52-5 5 see. Leaves lantsetny, thin, with smooth edges, take place on a stalk a spiral spiral. Flower the large. Coloring of petals and boots dark blue, rylets the violet. Duration of the vegetative period of 84-86 days. The grade is characterized by high drought resistance. Seeds brown with mass of 1000 seeds – 7,9 g and a maslichnost of 44,8-47,0 %. Productivity of 16,7-20,1 c/hectares.
Grade Debut. Height of plants of 57-58 cm, technical length of a stalk 46-48 see. A stalk slabovetvisty, not trimmed, without antotsianovy coloring. Leaves lantsentny, small, edges smooth, on a stalk are located spirally with a zagushcheniye in the lower part. Tsvetk of average size, light-violet. Vegetative period of 85-87 days. Seeds brown. Mass of 1000 seeds – 7,8 g. The content of oil in seeds of 45,5-47,0 %. Productivity 15,4-20,0 /hectare.
Grade Iceberg. Cyanogen is created by a method mutageneza on the basis of grade seeds. Height of plants 54-57 see. A stalk upright, branched out. A flower white, with kremovy boots. Vegetative period of 86-88 days. The grade differs high firmness against fuzariozny withering. Seeds dark-brown, with mass of 7,7 g the Content of oil in seeds of 46,5-49,5 %, oil with high iodic number.
Grade Orpheus. Height of plants 55-60 see. Flower of average size, blue. Vegetative period of 86-88 days. Seeds brown. Mass of 1000 seeds of 7,2 g of Maslichnost of 46 %. Productivity of 15,8-21,7 c.
Plants of decorative grades of flax Mars, the Aurora, the Flush can be the real ornament of gardens and parks in Ukraine.
Grade Mars. Has large (to 4 cm in diameter) red a flower. Mars decorative both in group and in single plantings, is suitable for a cut. Plants with the direct branched-out stalk in height to 60 see. Has from 5 to 15 lateral stalks from 10-20 by a flower on each of them. A flower are collected in metelkoobrazny inflorescences. Venochek bright red with the dark center and with two white impurity in the lower part of each of petals. Color’ densely and long, from June to September. It is photophilous, drought-resistant.
Grade Aurora. It is characterized big by a flower of apricot color with the red-brown center. On other signs Mars is close with a grade.
Grade Flush. Unlike grades Mars and the Aurora has light-pink color of petals a venochka and the dark pink center of a flower. Blossoms from June to September. As well as other grades of krupnotsvetkovy flax the rabatok is recommended for use in group plantings and for registration.
K.Zhenchenko, E.Astapova, seniors scientific APP UAAN sotrudnikikrymsky institute.