Resource-saving technologies in a zernoproizvodstvo

In a scientific material it is a question of the most effective ways and receptions of processing of the soil and fight against a wind erosion in the Crimea.

Cultivation of the soil and fight against a wind erosion of soil in the Crimea

We continue a subject

 (Continuation. The beginning in No. 44)

Processing of the soil and fight against a wind erosion in the Crimea

For a steppe zone of the Crimea the unstable winter, long lack of snow cover, frequent change of a promerzaniye of the top layer of earth and its complete thawing is characteristic. Dryness of steppe areas is defined not only a low rainfall, but also big dryness of air. From July to September average relative humidity it, as a rule, makes 40-45 %. Stocks of productive moisture in a meter layer of earth under crops at the beginning of June decrease to 50-60 mm and less.

Without essential and continuous moistening low stocks of moisture can remain to the middle of October. Therefore the period of preseeding processing of the soil and crops in the Crimea winter, very often coincides with a severe soil drought.

The serious loss to agricultural industry of the Crimea is put by a wind erosion to which more than 670 thousand hectares are exposed. Strong dusty storms happen every 3-4 year, and average and weak – annually.

As show researches of the APP UAAN Crimean institute and experiment of the advanced farms, successfully to resist to a drought and it is possible for a wind erosion only at introduction of scientifically reasonable complex of agrotechnical actions among which the important place is occupied by system of processing of the soil.

The main grain crops of the Crimea – winter. Their productivity in 1,5-2 times is higher, than summer. Basic changes in an approach and system of processing of the soil under the winter resulted from mass application of fertilizers and herbicides. In this regard some receptions, such as plowing, lose the value. In days of deficiency of moisture during the autumn period superficial processing has the main advantage. This results from the fact that when plowing porosity increases by 15-23 %, the soil loses for 22 % more moisture, than at superficial processing.

Creating more favorable conditions for autumn development winter such processing in a complex with other agrotechnical receptions promotes the best opposition of this field to early-spring dusty hurricanes.

The area under the superficial processing of the soil which is taken away under winter crops, in the Crimea annually extends. The comparative studying of disk and ploskorezny tools carried out at the APP UAAN Crimean institute showed their identical efficiency. For example, on the average for 1973-1976, by soil preparation under winter barley after propashny (corn) and sternevy predecessors, the following grain yields are received: when processing by disk tools on depth the 8-10th – 26,1µ/hectare., the ploskorezny – 27 c/hectares respectively. Similar results are received and when processing winter on a green forage. However considering bigger soil-protective effect of preservation on a surface of soil of an eddish, it is necessary to give advantage to tools of ploskorezny type.

By results of researches for 1971-1973 and 1976 gg, application of glubokorazrezatel didn’t reduce a crop of winter wheat on black steam in comparison with the standard otvalny plowed land. For these years productivity made respectively 32,5 and 32,7 c/hectares.

As to a sternevy seeder, in research data inconsistent results are received. At crops of winter wheat on pair in 1971-1972 the crop raised on 1-1,5 c/hectares, and in 1973 – 1976 was lower on 2,7-3,1 c/hectares. Unevenness of distribution of a seed material on the areas and respectively neglect of plants in ranks became the main reason for decrease.

Test of ploskorezny tools by soil preparation under corn in 1972-1974 yielded positive results. For example, at an otvalny plowed land on the 25-27th. the crop of green material of 137,4 c/hectares was received., and at bezotvalny loosening on the same depth – 145,5 c/hectares.

Not the sufficient attention puts to soil-protective cultivation, because of destruction on fields of the top, most fertile layer of earth an irreparable injury to fertility of the earth. At a sduvaniye from a surface of a field of a layer in 2,5 see from each hectare, about 300 t are lost. soils which contains humus about a ton. On soils with a large number of a humus these losses will be even higher.

As a result of a wind erosion on the big areas perish or crops of winter and early summer crops are brought by a fine earth. Especially strong loss in the Crimea was put with dusty hurricanes in 1972 when loss of crops winter made 291,1 thousand hectares. or 53,4 % of all cultivated area.

Strong wind with speed of 20-40 m/s., which was carried by on March 23-24, 2007 destroyed crops of melkosemenny summer cultures (flax, mustard, a rape), and on some fields and crops of summer barley and oats. This insignificant wind erosion destroyed and forced pereseyat them on total area of 5,5 thousand hectares. At the same time on the next fields with superficial processing of the soil crops didn’t suffer that once again emphasizes importance and need of wider introduction minimum or even zero technology of processing of the soil in a steppe zone of Ukraine, in particular, in the Crimea.

N SAENKO, senior research associate of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, candidate of agricultural sciences.