The author provides the analysis of a condition of vinogrado-wine-making branch of the Crimea: insignificant increase in the areas of vineyards, low recently gross vintage that creates extreme deficiency of raw materials at the wine-making enterprises; states fears that at such rates of falling by 2020 wine growing in the Crimea can disappear practically.
In article exit ways from the created situation are offered: increase in the areas of landing, improvement of high-quality structure, increase of productivity of plantings, use of ampeloekologichesky potential, application of energy saving technologies, introduction of system of certification of a landing material, creation of the uniform metrological center.
(From the report of the director of National institute of grapes and Magarach wine, the doctor of agricultural sciences A.Avidzby on expanded board of the Ministry of an agrarian policy of ARK).
In fifty years we passed a way from 23.4 thousand hectares of vineyards in 1956 to 29.9 thousand hectares. in 2005, at gross collecting only 110 thousand t., that created extreme deficiency of raw materials at the wine-making enterprises which are loaded now no more than for 35-55 % and are compelled to look for it where only it is possible. At such rates of falling by 2020 wine growing in the Crimea can disappear practically.
This winter frosts were added, and therefore before all of us there is an acute problem – how to rescue the Crimean wine growing.
The calculations carried out by Magarach Institute showed that in wine-making production and table grapes in the Crimea it is necessary to make about 300 thousand t for satisfaction of only the minimum requirement of the population of Ukraine annually. grapes, at productivity of plantings 50 c/hectares aren’t lower. Such level of production is possible only at rational use of ampeloekologichesky potential, application of resource-saving technologies, reconstruction of a part old and a laying of new vineyards the grades giving economy of resources.
In modern statements of the problem of scientific providing branch represent considerable complexity. First, the production susceptibility to innovations decreased because of economic difficulties. Secondly, not only the latest developments of a science aren’t used, but also known, vital agroreceptions for culture aren’t realized. Thirdly, scientists appeared at such level of financing which doesn’t allow to form the necessary research base, to carry out rather deep search.
Theoretical calculations, experimental data, Gossortoseti’s materials show that at optimum maintaining culture in the Crimea potential efficiency of shpalerno-ordinary vineyards as photosynthesizing systems, makes about 300-350 c/hectares. Here we possess what reserve.
The long-term state program of development of wine growing and winemaking is necessary for the solution of the arisen problems. Such long-term The development program of wine growing of AR Crimea till 2015 was developed in 1998 by scientific institutions of the Crimea under the aegis of National institute of grapes and Magarach wine. Certainly that now she demands certain adjustments, but the general tendency of development of branch should be kept. If the order from the Ministry of an agrarian policy of AR Crimea arrives to carry out correction of this "Program", NIViV "Magarach" is ready to present by the end of the first half of the year it on board of the Ministry of an agrarian policy of the Crimea for consideration and the statement.
Accurate production specialization of areas with a set of concrete grades, optimum way of their cultivation is necessary for receiving rynochno significant types of production.
The Crimea – the region with a difficult relief and consequently the first stage in performance of this work – a detailed assessment of its agroclimatic resources on such indicators as vlago-and heatsecurity, and in particular a territory morozoopasnost, level of fertility of soils and their pollution by various toksikant of a natural and technological origin.
By us it is established that in the conditions of a steppe zone wine growing placement most submits to a heatsecurity factor that is directly connected with selection of grades for terms of maturing of a crop, and also according to them with stability to frosts, frosts and adverse biotic factors – to diseases and wreckers.
In the central part of the territory of the Crimean peninsula where heterogeneity of a relief is more sharply expressed, it is necessary to prefer early grades on northern slopes, and average and late – on southern.
The third zone – territories of the lands of Sevastopol, the Bakhchsarai area, a part of the Simferopol, Kirov areas and the earth of Feodosiya. Here optimization of placement of vineyards, and first of all depending on relief parameters, and then and according to their insistence to heat is most necessary … Here it is necessary to give the greatest attention to placement of late grades the most part from which can be grown up for production of heavy sweet wines and be put on long storage in refrigerators.
Certainly, owing to the latest events the morozoopasnost also should be considered at zone placement of grape plantings.
Only on the basis of the created specialized database it is possible to develop models of ideal placement of technical and table grades of grapes of the various direction, and in many respects to avoid in the future of those crisis phenomena which we observe today. The earlier realizes the government of the Crimea inevitability of the solution of this problem, rather we will receive steady and effective wine growing. Today, without such ampeloekologichesky assessment of the territory what we recommendations wouldn’t accept, they will have private and biassed character, and are able not solve a wine growing problem in scale not only all Crimean peninsula, but also separate farms.
Forward development of Ukraine as the independent State provides work on adaptation of the legislation of Ukraine to the European Union law, including in agro-industrial complex, and in particular in wine growing. In the set of Acts of European Union the main directions for vinogradarsky branch on a way of its integration with the European producers are designated. For production of grapes it is possible to allocate two main problems:
– grades for industrial cultivation;
– production of the certificated revitalized landing material.
For preservation of existing vineyards, and further and for expansion of the areas, it is required to put annually in the Crimea to 1,6tys.ga and to make about 5 million saplings in this connection it is necessary to have 150 – 200 hectares of high-grade elite matochnik of podvoyny and privoyny rods. In 2004 422 hectares of vineyards were planted and 3.9 million saplings are grown up. In the short term it is necessary to develop and introduce system of their certification and, respectively, a laying of new vineyards to make not casual, but the certificated i.e. clonal, revitalized landing material which is meeting the requirements of DSTU 4390:2005 Sadzhents_ to grapes that chubuki vinogradno ї to a rod".
In Ukraine the solution of this problem practically didn’t start. In its decision active participation should accept and NIViV "Magarach". First of all, it is necessary to create an initial material of clones of scions and the stocks zoned in each concrete region.
For this purpose it is necessary:
– to allocate the respective squares and to adjust fytosanitory control and testing of a landing material and sites under landing of vineyards;
– to create a base complex on reproduction of an initial material;
– to adjust the accelerated reproduction of a landing material of the highest category;
– to create insurance fund in the conditions excluding contact to quarantine objects.
Certification of a landing material of the zoned grades, selection and podvoyny forms, and also highly productive clones of grapes is necessary for carrying out molecular methods, that is at DNA level, including their certification and testing for existence of virus diseases. Such method is mastered now at Magarach institute and finds practical application in the solution of such tasks, as: identification of grades and types on an ampelografichesky collection; certification highly productive, steady against mushroom diseases and a drought of grades of grapes, testing of highly productive clones and their allocation in sorto-clones.
Now the Austrian Scientific Center and the International Institute of Genetic resources of plants (Italy) to our institute for creation of molecular laboratory transferred a complete set of the necessary equipment. It allows to begin the solution of a practical problem of certification of a landing material of grades, clones, stocks on existence of virus diseases and their certification at level of farms.
In 2004 scientific IVIV "Magarach" in common with experts of SPK "Emerald" and Shustov firm developed work on creation of initial uterine plantings of the certificated landing material of the grapes including all range of researches from the soil on a site where matochnik before selection of a selected fytosanitory and healthy initial material of grapes by which uterine plantings will be put will be put. The same work is carried out and to POH "Magarach".
In parallel similar work is carried out about definition in a landing material of the main virus, mikoplazmenny diseases and a bacterial cancer (to JSC Kachinsky). Our institute is ready to organize similar work and in other farms.
Rules are developed for streamlining of system of certification and methods of certification of a landing material of grapes the law About seeds and a landing material, .
The uniform metrological center about which creation there is a preliminary arrangement between NIViV "Magarach" and the Ukrainian state pomologo-ampelografichesky inspection is necessary for its large-scale certification. Everything who wishes to start production of the revitalized landing material, we offer mutually beneficial cooperation.
The analysis of the vineyards of 1998 g given to census and assessment of a condition of wine growing showed that in the Crimea development of this branch and increase in production of wine-making production are interfered by imperfect high-quality structure of plantings. As it is already repeatedly proved in practice, the most effective preservation of vineyards from damage by frosts provides use of cold-resistant grades of grapes. Some generations of scientific wine-growers selectors in the former Soviet Union, Hungary, Germany, Canada and other countries worked over their creation.
Now in collections and in industrial plantings there are high-cold-resistant grades of grapes from which crop it is possible to prepare various production, including quality wines.
The data received after the analysis of damage of vineyards by a frost in February of this year, show that to vysokomorozoustojchivy to grades it is possible to carry: An isabella (29 % of live kidneys remained), the Amur grapes – 40 %, Violet early-33 %. At grades of domestic selection remained kidneys: Tsitronny Magaracha – 30 %, Spartan Magaracha – 40 %, Risling Maragacha – 45 %. It is possible to consider as a standard of frost resistance a grade the Gift of Magaracha at which in various zones (Kherson, Zaporozhye, the Crimea) remained from 60 to 90 % of kidneys.
From among new table grades it is offered to introduce in production of a grade Oat-flakes, Intervitis Magaracha, Kataryan’s Memories, Pogosyan’s Memory and Fiolent, differing the increased stability (at level of 2 points) to mushroom diseases, with large clusters, transportable, suitable both for fresh consumption, and for long storage. The grade of Fiolent differs a high sakharonakopleniye that allows to use it and in winemaking.
Seedless grades of Pivdennoberezhny, Yalta seedless, and also early grades of Assol and Amber are of interest.
Among technical grades for high-quality winemaking the institute offered Muskat Magaracha, the Muscat of Yalta, being the improved clones of the Muscat white, and among the red grades suitable for all climatic zones of the Crimea – Danko, Tavkveri Magaracha, differing by stably high productivity and the increased stability to diseases.
By 2010 such grades as Garnet Magaracha, Pamyati Golodrigi, the Riesling of Magaracha, Sersial of magarachskiya, Melkonyan’s Anniversary will be extended.
Many selection already now can replace known grades of grapes. In 2005 in the conditions of industrial culture in Steppe to the Crimea many new saved up to 30 % of sugars. They are entered into the Register of grades of plants of Ukraine and allowed to industrial cultivation in Ukraine.
However, noting need of removal of grades of new generation, it is necessary to note and need of preservation for a cultivated sortiment of native grades of grapes, first of all grades of Ukraine and the Crimea.
We consider that in a present situation one of possible ways of rescue of vinogrado-wine-making branch is partial transition to grapes grades with group stability to various adverse factors of the environment which open real possibilities, at least, in rescue it from full breakdown. These grades are zoned, malozatratny in production of a landing material, less power-intensive in a laying of industrial vineyards and their operation. They allow to receive good ordinary wine materials and cognac alcohols, and their prime cost in 2,5 times is lower, than at the classical European. Expediency by 2010 a laying of vineyards of steady grades of selection of Magarach institute on the area not less than 5 thousand hectares is scientifically proved
Regulations on domestic clones and their sortoispytaniye are developed by experts NIViV "Magarach", NTs IVIV of Tairov, the Ukrainian state pomologo-ampelografichesky inspectorate and Public service for protection of the rights to grades of plants, however this question isn’t finished to logic end that, undoubtedly, causes a damage to national wine growing.