In article it is a question of one of the most cold-resistant subtropical cultures, about its origin, ways and a landing time of saplings, about the reasons of decrease in productivity. It is in detail told about grades of a persimmon grown up in the Crimea.
Persimmon east – one of the most cold-resistant subtropical cultures. Usually she transfers without damage frosts – 16-18°C. At – 19-20°C annual and partially biannual wood freezes slightly. Lower temperatures are pernicious for all plant. Its fruits are tasty and nutritious. Fresh they contain from 13 to 25,9 % of sugars. Generally it is glucose and fructose. The content of sucrose insignificant – from 0,3 to 4,7 %.
Fruits of a persimmon are vitamin-rich also polyphenolic substances (in mg %): With – 6,4-96,5; R – 0,2-0,4; carotinoids – 0,15-11,8; lejkoantocianami – 102-535, and also organic compounds of potassium, calcium, iron, iodine. In them organic acids – lemon, apple are found also, the carotene, painting and tannins, is revealed 25 macro – and the microcells nine of which are necessary for the person. Microcells Su, Zn, Mn, Maud, containing in fruits, are a part some enzymes and hormones. Distinctive and very valuable quality of fruits of a persimmon – the high content of iodine.
Fruits of a persimmon differ low acidity and are used for treatment of Qatar and stomach ulcer, an anemia, a bazedovy illness. Their juice possesses bactericidal properties, in particular, concerning intestinal and hay sticks, golden stafilokokka, use at gastric diseases and as medical and a prophylactic at a scurvy.
Persimmon fruits as a dietary product, use fresh and dried. From them prepare a fruit candy, jam, jams, syrups.
In recent years interest to this culture not only on the Southern coast of the Crimea considerably raised. Borders of distribution of a persimmon considerably extended thanks to the cold-resistant grades received in the Nikitsky botanical garden, such as the Russian and Nikitsky Claret which maintain – 25-27°C.
The persimmon well develops on rather shined sites. Grows on all soils, except for boggy, salted, pebble and limy. The deep, vlagoyemky, well trained loamy soils containing enough of humus are the best.
Put a persimmon in the autumn or in the spring. Each term has the advantages and shortcomings. Advantage of autumn term of landing is that thanks to early regeneration of root system, plants is amicable vegetiruyut in the spring. But in morozoopasny areas cases of a podmerzaniye of the young not taken roots plants aren’t excluded. A lack of spring landing is long storage of saplings in prikopke that negatively affects safety of their root system.
Spring landing of saplings of a persimmon make in March – the first half of April.
When trees reach the fructification period, gardeners – fans often complain of lack of fruits or an osypaniye zavyazi. The reasons can be a little.
1. Bad fertilisation.
Persimmon east – a plant dvudomny or polygamous (oboyepoly). One grades form only only pistillate flowers (Hiakuma, Hachia, Tanenasha, Ayzu-Misheraza, Sidles, Kostat); others besides female, form in a large number man’s a flower (Geyli, Zendzhi-Mar, Shagotsu-Gaki, the Find, the Satellite); and only few grades – monoecious, at which on one tree at the same time both man’s and pistillate flowers. However at the majority of polygamous grades quantity female and man’s a flower unequally. Some form man’s a flower not every year, and in a year or even through two (Fuyyu, Excellent, Tsyganochka, the Asterisk).
The nature of a dvudomnost of a persimmon causes obligation of placement in a garden of grades of pollinators. As pollinators use grades which, in a large number form man’s a flower.
Some grades of a persimmon in separate years are capable to fasten a large number of seedless (partenokarpichesky) fruits in the absence of pollination. However when providing these grades with pollination the crop always happens several times higher, and also flavoring qualities of fruits improve.
Grades at which color of pulp under the influence of pollination changes, are called as varying. In the absence of seeds in fruits color of pulp the light. In fruits which contain seeds, the pulp has more dark coloring. Such grades in the people more often call "reguluses". "Reguluses" absolutely not tart, sweet, edible in a firm condition (Hiakuma, Zendzhi-Mar). Pollination influences not only coloring of pulp and flavoring qualities, but also on an external form of a fruit (the size, existence of concentric circles).
Grades which don’t change coloring of pulp of fruits depending on pollination, call constant.
2. Insufficient inflow of plastic substances to bodies of fructification (a tree zhiruet).
Persimmon – photophilous breed. At a lack of lighting sheet plates are deformed, fruits fall down. In the shaded places at plants the extended rare krone is observed, the crop decreases.
Trees of a persimmon form on is changed – warranty system with well discharged branches. In the early spring before blooming of leaves make an easy prorezhivaniye and to a krone scrap, deleting the dry and damaged branches. Prorezhivaniye of branches – the main reception of creation of rather rarefied krone, uniform distribution of a new gain in krone, improvements of conditions of fructification. At a prorezhivaniye usually cut out otplodonosivshy escapes together with two-three-year branches bearing them that promotes strengthening of growth of escapes and zone approach to the main skeletal branches. Depending on the general development of a tree? such cutting of branches to three – four-year-old carry out once in 2-3 years. With age trees and moving of a zone of fructification on the krone periphery the increasing value gets rejuvenating a scrap, i.e. a scrap on old wood which lead taking into account emergence of "tops". In partial rejuvenating a scrap trees need at the age of 15-20 years. At degree definition scraps consider features of fructification of grades. At grades with the expressed periodicity of fructification in a year of a crop lead stronger to a scrap with a prorezhivaniye and truncation of an annual gain that strengthens growth of escapes and reduces periodicity of fructification. The main of a scrap is led in the early spring. Its efficiency considerably raises addition of a summer pintsirovka. In the summer cut off those branches which growth should be weakened more.
3. Adverse weather conditions in flowering (fogs, rains).
4. Lack of moisture.
The culture occurs from the region of humid subtropical climate and consequently needs a large amount of moisture. Watering – one of the main actions on the care of plants. The irrigation should be begun with the end of May – the beginnings of June and to continue before maturing of fruits, i.e. till September-October.
But it is impossible to allow excess of moisture (bogging) as there is a strong growth of escapes and roots, fruits don’t receive enough of moisture, nutrients and fall down.
5. Existence of diseases.
On the Southern coast of the Crimea of a persimmon plant sometimes suffer from diseases. As the most widespread diseases are considered gray decay and fomopsis (an usykhaniye of branches).
Gray decay. The disease is caused by a mushroom botritis. The illness affects young escapes, leaves, causes rotting and a mass osypaniye zavyazy fruits. On a healthy bark, usually at the basis of escapes, the small brown site which quickly expands is formed and covers it a ring. The struck young escapes hang, gradually blacken and dry out. On leaves appears in the form of light greenish-gray spots which extends from a top or edges, gradually occupying bigger space. In an attachment place to a cup of the stuck fruits occurs pobureny fabrics. Further fruits are softened and fall down.
Fomopsis (usykhaniye of branches). On shtambe or branches of a persimmon there are pressed turned black spots. The bark in this place dries up and fissures. At strong development of an illness the plant completely perishes.
As precautionary measures – creation of the agrotechnical background providing normal development of plants. It is a scrap and burning of the struck branches, collecting and destruction of fallen leaves and fruits, spraying by bordeaux liquid before flowering (1 % solution)
Persimmon grades.
Sidles. American grade. Treats group of the constant. Forms only pistillate flowers. A tree silnorosly with semi-spherical or spherical krone. Average mass of a fruit of 90-100 g, form ploskookrugly, coloring orange or orange-red. Firm tart fruits, mature have povidloobrazny, very sweet pulp. Transportability remains till January, a lezhkost till March. In the conditions of the Crimea gives to 100 kg of fruits from a 11-year tree. Fruits can be fastened partenokarpicheski. The grade table, is good for drying as doesn’t contain seeds.
To Zendzhi-Mar. Japanese grade. Treats group of the varying. Forms female and, in a large number, man’s a flower. A tree average or silnorosly with spherical krone. Fruits small (from 30 to 100 g), a roundish form with dark brown povidloobrazny pulp of sweet taste, transportable. The Lezhkost keep till January. Productivity – to 40 kg from a 17-year tree.
To Hiakuma (regulus). Japanese grade. Treats group of the varying. Forms only pistillate flowers. Tree silnorosly, krone roundish.
Fruits of a roundish form, average size (60-220 g). A firm fruit yellow-orange with a thin wax raid, pulp orange, in the presence of seeds with brown dot dimness, sweet, gustopovidloobrazny. Seedless fruits in a firm look the tart. In a lezhka it is stored till 2nd months. Productivity – to 130 kg of fruits from a 20-year tree.
Satellite. Grade of selection of the Nikitsky botanical garden. Treats group of the varying. Forms female and, in a large number, man’s a flower. Tree srednerosly, krone shirokoovalny. Fruits rounded ridge. A thin skin orange with a purple flush, pulp orange. The maximum mass of a fruit – 100 g of Lezhkost – 2-2,5 months. Productivity from a 20-year tree – to 40 kg.
Russian. Grade of selection of the Nikitsky botanical garden. Treats group of the constant. Grade more cold-resistant, than grades of east persimmon. Forms only pistillate flowers. Partially samoploden (develops partenokarpichesky fruits). Krone pyramidal with drooping branches. Fruits flat, mass of 40-60 g. Firm fruit of yellow-orange color, pulp of a mature fruit orange, gustopovidloobrazny, sweet. Productivity from a 15-year tree – to 40 kg. Fructifies annually. Grade table and sukhofruktovy.
Nikitsky Claret. Grade of selection of the Nikitsky botanical garden. Treats group of the constant. Fruits plainly – roundish, mass of 70-130 g. A firm fruit brightly – red-orange color. Pulp very sweet, with aroma. It is inclined to a partenokarpiya. Pozhelteniye of fruits at the end of September – the beginning of October. The Lezhkost – till December inclusive. Grade table. Productivity from a 10-year tree – to 30 kg. Winter hardiness raised.
Xachia. Japanese grade. Treats group of the constant. Fruits cone-shaped, large, mass of a fruit of 65-200 g. Firm fruit orange. Pulp of a mature fruit liquidly – povidloobrazny with small fibration, very sweet dessert taste. The grade is suitable for technical processing and drying. Fructification periodic.
Dzhiro. Japanese grade. Treats group of not tart. Fructifies without pollination. Fruits flat, mass of 65-200 g. Firm fruit orange-red. Pulp of a mature fruit slightly mealy, povidloobrazny, more dark coloring, without fibration, moderate and sweet. The grade is good for technological processing and the fresh use. Late-ripening. Productivity high.
Only full complex of actions: selection of grades, a choice of a site, a scrap, fertilizer, an irrigation, soil processing, pest control and diseases will allow not only to admire beautiful trees of a persimmon east, but also to regale on tasty useful fruits.
E.SHISHKIN, the candidate of agricultural sciences, Yalta, the Nikitsky botanical garden – National Scientific Center.