In article information on ways of storage of potatoes is given, recommendations and the requirements shown to potatoes, intended for long storage are provided.
UDC 631
Deterioration and losses uroyozhy potatoes in storage can be caused both infektsionyony, and functional (fiyoziologichesky) diseases.
At potatoes cultivation on the heavy rehumidified soils tubers are exposed to strong suffocation, as a result, in a hrayoneniye in them metaboliyochesky shifts which are at the bottom of the outbreaks of earlier hidden infections are observed and bring to big poteryam.
Functional diseases in the form of various spots, an izyomeneniye of coloring and a form of tubers, losses of commodity qualities and high-quality signs of potatoes are shown.
Infectious diseases vyzyvayut different microorganisms: fungi, bacteria, viruses and viroidy.
Considering biological osobenyonost of development of pathogens, all bolezni, being shown in storage (and in some cases – and during a laying of potatoes), it is possible to divide into three groups conditionally.
In the first group are included bolezni which development proisxodit only in the field, in a vegetayotsiya – new reinfections at storage don’t happen. To their number otnosyat virus and viroidny zaboyolevaniye, and also ordinary, poroshisty and black parshu (rizoktonioz).
Diseases, zarayozheniye with which occurs in period vegetations (usually shortly before cleaning) or in cleaning and transportation of tubers enter into the second, and razviyoty the hraneyoniya proceeds during time, especially at non-compliance with a mode. To such diseases otnosyatsya: fitoftoroz, antraknoz, alternarioz, fomoz, bacterial decayed, silvery, bugorchaty parsha, fuzarioz.
Silvery, bugorchaty parsha and fuzarioz can not only prodolzhat to develop within a zarayozhenny tuber, but also rasprostranyatsya on surrounding healthy tubers.
To the third group are carried bolezni which are dated, glavyony image, for the storage period. Their activators, generally saproyofitny mushrooms and bacteria, razvivayutsya only on dead or silyyono the weakened fabrics of tubers of potatoes. Pathogens get in a fabric, as a rule, through various mechanical povrezhyodeniye – cracks, places of bruises, the damages put with vrediyotel, and also at primary infection of tubers with others patogenami (for example: activators fitoftoroza, fomoza, various vidov parshi, alternarioza, antraknoza). To this group carry the plesnevidny decayed, the wet bacterial decayed, suyokhy fuzariozny decay of tubers of potatoes and others. During a hrayoneniye activators of wet bakteyorialny decay intensively rasprostranyayutsya from the infection centers at contact of the struck and zdoroyovy tubers. Availability of moisture to a sposobstvuyetsokhraneniye of bacteria in an active condition and to infection of tubers.
The result of storage depends also from timely preduborochnogo removals of a tops of vegetable. This reception is carried out for the purpose of prevention of transition of viruses from a tops of vegetable to tubers, by decrease in danger of defeat of tubers fitoftorozy, fomozy, bacterial diseases. Besides, crests borozd quicker dry, weeds are destroyed, povyshaetsya durability of a peel of tubers that reduces their damages when cleaning and raises a lezhkost at storage.
After removal of a tops of vegetable prior to the beginning of cleaning tubers maintain in the soil of 10-14 more days kozhura on them reached sufficient durability. Longer stay of tubers in the soil increases danger of their defeat rizoktoniozy, fomozy, fitoftorozy, poyoroshisty parshy and bakterialnymi diseases.
It is recommended to clean, when quantity of tubers with an ogrubevyoshy peel not less than 95 %, humidity of the soil isn’t higher than 75 % of PPV, at dry weather, and temperature soils are higher than 10 °C.
The threshold of sensitivity of tubers to damages makes near 12oS. At lower temperaturax the quantity of povrezhyodeniye increases.
The tuber is considered ripened and ready to cleaning if at a proveyodeniye on its poyoverkhnost the peel isn’t damaged by a thumb.
In put on storage kartofele the total maintenance of the tubers, struck fitoftoroyozy, dry gnilyami (fuzarioz, fomoz), asthma shouldn’t prevyshat 1-1,5 %. With mechanical poyovrezhdeniye of pulp (cuts, a treyoshchina) depth more 5mm and dliyony 10mm – no more than 5 %, from sodrannoykozhury less than a half of a poveryokhnost – no more than 10-12 %. Besides, existence klubyony, struck wet, koltseyovy and others bacterial gnilyami, uterine, frozen and crushed isn’t allowed. It is not allowed nayolichy a tops of vegetable and fragments of other vegetative remains.
Quality of potatoes estimate before cleaning. For this purpose select samples (200 tubers) and vyderzhivayut them in densely stuck poliyoetilenovy packages within 2-3 weeks at temperature of 18-20 °C. About potatoes lezhkosposobnost sudyat by quantity decayed the klubyony. Parties with a total porazhennost fitoftorozy and wet bacterial decay to 2 % ocenivayut as lezhkosposobny, priyogodny for long storage; from 2 to 5 – slabolezhkosposobny, with a period of storage of 2-3 months; from 5 to 10 – nelezhkospoobny, unsuitable for long storage; more than for 10 % – as emergency, subject to an urgent ispolzoyovaniye.
In case of threat of defeat klubyony fomozy potatoes samples (200 tubers) subject to mekhaniyochesky influence (damage a peel). Tubers put for 1 week in the refrigerator (at temperature 7-8 °C), and then vyderzhivayut them in densely stuck polietiyolenovy packages during 2-3 nedel at temperature of 18-20 wasps. Degree of contamination of tubers the foyomozy judge by quantity of zagnivyoshy tubers.
The technology of storage begins with storage preparation. Pomeshcheyoniya for potatoes storage dolzhny to be dry, pure, obezzayorazhenny. Before a bookmark kartofelya storages clear from zemli, garbage, the remains of tubers. Steyona and ceilings bleach a limy rayostvor by means of a spray (2,5kg a svezhegashenny lime with a doyobavleniye 200g a copper vitriol on 10l waters). A lime dilute separately and pour in a squirt in vitriol solution at intensive stirring. Then a room fumigate by means of spetsialyyony drafts for fight with boleznyami and wreckers. Carry out zablayogovremenny routine inspection, adjustment and disinfection isyopolzuyemy to storage ventilyayotsionny and warehouse an oborudovayoniya. For disinfecting of container, sorting points and the distinguished mechanisms it is possible ispolzovat 2-3 % solution copper kuporosa.
Depending on weather usloyoviya, and also qualities and conditions of tubers use various tekhyonologiya postharvest dorabotki and a laying of tubers on storage: direct-flow, transshipment and poyotochny.
At direct-flow technology kartofel from a field at once put on storage without autumn sorting. Soil impurity in voroxedo 15-20 % is thus allowed. At the bigger maintenance of the soil or a nayolichiya of vegetative impurity and osyotatok of a tops of vegetable, and also patients klubyony, them separate during loading in storage on the line collected, for example, from units of the peredvizhyony sorting KSP-15B point. Embankment formation in storage carry out at postoyanyony moving of an arrow, a napriyomer of loader TZK-30, in the gorizonyotalny plane in order to avoid education to embankments of soil columns in which tubers often zagnivayut and quickly sprout.
At transshipment technology tubers before a bookmark on the hraneyony maintain in temporary burtax. It surely apply at considerable defeat klubyony asthma, fitoftorozy, mokyory decay or, if cleaning provoditsya in cold and rainy pogodu.
At line technology ubranyony the combine or a kopatel kartofel arrives on sorting point for office of impurity and sorting on fraction with a posyoleduyushchy bookmark on storage. In comparison with others at this technology the naiyobolshy number of damages is put to tubers. Therefore it should be applied in case of autumn realization kartofelya or at its receipt from a field with soil impurity (more than 20 %) and the vegetative remains and also when tubers completely ripened, with the got stronger peel and aren’t struck with diseases.
It is important to remember: during the loading, transportation, a partition of tubers it is necessary to take measures for minimization of their poyovrezhdeniye.
Now distinguish two ways of storage of potatoes: in bulk and in containers.
At storage in bulk ispolzuyut underground aeration (a trellised floor or underground airdistributing channels) or a venyotilirovaniye with use of nayopolny channels of distribution of air.
Storage in containers vozmozhyono with application either smeshivayuyoshchy chambers, or a "ventilating" wall.
Depending on conditions a hraneyoniya, any of these ways can be added with the block of prinudiyotelny cooling of air.
To minimize losses and to keep consumer kacheyostvo of potatoes, tshchayotelny preparation of tubers for dliyotelny storage is necessary. Distinguish some stages of storage: healing of damages (medical period), coolings, the main period storages.
The medical period or stage of a zayozhivleniye of damages begins with airing and a prosushivaniye of tubers, if their surface vlazhyony. Duration and intensity of this process depends on a kolicheyostvo of moisture, weather conditions, a sposobakhraneniye and quality of the cleaned crop. Air temperature dolzhna not to be lower 15-16°C. If cleaning passed after rains, it is necessary to strengthen provetrivayony tubers in order that izbavitsya from the water film which has appeared on their poveryokhnost.
It is impossible to mix dry and damp tubers.
At storage in bulk follows, depending on weather conditions, to air them 2-4 days. At a hrayoneniye in containers of it it is possible to reach before (1-2 days). Proyovetrivaniye should be finished, kogda the top layer of tubers becomes dusty and dry.
Usually medical period lasts 14-18 days. Optimum storage conditions – rather high temperature in a combination to high relative humidity and dostayotochny air exchange. Temperayotura varies in limits from 12 to 18 wasps at relative humidity of 90-95 %. It is necessary to note that the temperature is lower during a zazhivyoleniye of damages, the process more long proceeds. For example, at temperature of 10 wasps the prodolzhiyotelnost of curing makes about 30 days, and at 16-18 wasps – 14. At this time in tubers there are the difficult physiological and biokhiyomichesky changes connected with ripening, healing of poyovrezhdeniye.
At the first stages the damaged fabrics are healed thanks to an otyomiraniye and drying of external cages and adjournment in cages suberina. Then under this layer of cages arises ranevy periderma, forming a pith layer which is tightened completely by a poyovrezhdeniya. At the same time aktiviruyutsya and biochemical protective reactions with education ingibitorov activity of microbes. With a temperature poyonizheniye activity of these processes decreases, and below 5 wasps they absolutely stop. Neyodostatok of oxygen, when, a napriyomer, on a surface of tubers obrazuetsya a water film, also tormozit process of curing of povrezhyodeniye.
On termination of medical perioda potatoes temperature in all layers should be identical. It creates a basis for long storage of tubers.
The stage of cooling is reyoshayushchy. If tubers healthy or have insignificant mekhanichesyoky damages, temperature in nasypi reduce gradually on 0,5 °C per day within 20-30 days to temperatury storages, which zavisit from a designated purpose kartofelya.
Potatoes struck boleznyami and having strong mekhaniyochesky damages, cool more intensively, on the average on 1 – 1,5°S per day. Ventilate vozduyokhy with temperature on 2-3°S lower than temperature in an embankment of tubers. At negative temperatures of external air potatoes ventiliruyut a mix with air xranilishha (the temperature of a mix isn’t lower + than 0,5 °C). In case of violation of a mode of cooling can izmenitsya flavoring qualities kartofelya.
During the main period of storage sleduet to adhere to optimum temperatures and a relative vlazhyonost of air without big kolebayoniya. Depending on a grade and use way, potatoes store at the following temperature rezhimax: 2-4oS – seed; 4-5°S – table; 7-9°S – for the pererabatyyovayushchy industry; 7-12oS – chipsovy.
If temperature in an embankment naxoditsya at level 2 – 4°S, potatoes are ventilated by 2-3 times a week for 30 minutes for air change in mezhyoklubnevy spaces.
The lack of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide of hermetically sealed storage lead to deterioration of a lezhkost and quality of potatoes, and cause internal dimness of pulp of tubers of many grades.
The composition of air is considered optiyomalny when the content of ugleyokisly gas in a mezhklubnevy proyostranstvo doesn’t exceed 2-3 %, and oxygen – 16-18 %.
During the whole period a hraneyoniya it is important to avoid fluctuations temperatur to prevent premature fiziologichesyoky aging of tubers and their prezhdevyoremenny germination. At low temperatures in tubers povyshaetsya the contents reducing saxarov, worsening their quality, menyaetsya color of pulp.
It is necessary to support vysoyoky relative humidity in storage (90-95 %). In it sluchae losses will be minimum. But by no means at storage there should not be a condensate as blagoyopriyatny conditions for manifestation and development parshi silvery, fitoftoroza, fuzarioza and bakteriyoalny diseases are thus created.
Too strong airing or supply of dry air (less than 85 % of relative humidity) vyzyvayut very big losses vlagi in tubers also create danger of their defeat dry fuzariozny gnilyu. However at damp weather neobxodimo to strengthen intensity of aeration. At the increased contamination wet decay, fitoftorozy, fomozy the ventiliroyovaniye should be prolonged until mummification of the struck tubers will begin.
It is not recommended to carry out a polyony partition of tubers during the winter period. It leads to their additional travmirovaniye and reinfection with causative agents of various diseases (fuzarioz, silvery parsha, bacterioses). In case of emergence of the centers mokyory the gnily the selective partition which is not mentioning osyonovny mass of potatoes is possible.
If in the top layer of an embankment nablyudaetsya an otpotevaniye, neobxodimo to level temperature in hrayonilishche and embankments at the expense of heating of the top zone by means of elektroyokalorifer.
For daily measurement temperatury on each 50 t of potatoes put thermometers in a layer the 30-50th from a surface. Obyazayotelnymi are installation termometrov in the main ventiyolyatsionny channels at distance 1m behind the fan and measurement of external air.
It is important to remember the basic rule of storage – to protect tubers from overcooling, to maintain temperature, demanded for this or that party, depending on potatoes nayoznacheniye, not to allow a moisture kondensirovaniye on tubers.
Potatoes storage at a soblyuyodeniye of the specified requirements not vyzyvaet big changes in a soyoderzhaniye of useful substances also doesn’t reduce quality of tubers.
(On magazine materials Protection and quarantine of plants).