Authors of article tell, how in the shortest term to restore the plantings damaged by frosts, in particular grapes bushes and to receive a big crop of high quality in the current year, to provide stable fructification and the next years.
Possessing a number of valuable economic and biological signs, grapes are insufficiently steady against low temperatures of winter
Possessing a number of valuable economic and biological signs, grapes are insufficiently steady against low temperatures of winter. Especially it is shown in zones with an unstable temperature mode of the autumn-winter period. The South of Ukraine where the main areas of vineyards are placed belongs to such zones also. In separate years as a result of rewintering adverse weather conditions grape plants are damaged on the considerable areas.
Every year it is necessary to consider weather conditions, especially its adverse manifestations which nullify collective work for all season.
The task of wine-growers consists in that in the shortest term to restore the plantings damaged from frosts, in particular bushes of grapes and to receive a big crop of high quality in the current year, to provide stable fructification the next years.
Big yield losses of grapes in years with adverse climatic conditions cause of research of ways of receiving a crop on the rods damaged by a frost. For restoration of the damaged bushes it is carried out differentiated a scrap with a certain reserve background of eyes depending on degree and nature of damage of a rod and long-term wood.
In the years subsequent to critical temperature drops for a grape bush, a scrap it is directed not so much on receiving a crop, how many on preservation and restoration of a formirovka of a bush (about it we wrote in article for 2006 under the name Recommendations on the care of the vineyards damaged by frosts, NPAO "Massandra").
Scrap the next year after damage by frosts will depend on the elevated part of a grape bush how was damaged: vineyards or separate bushes of each category of damage demand the complex of agrotechnical receptions of care of a bush.
Increase of loading can be at the expense of increase in length of a left rod, and also because of additional quantity of fruit links. At increase in loading it is necessary to consider also and features of a grade. Different grades or groups of grades of grapes differently transfer frosts. At skillful leaving they can give a high-grade crop. So, the bushes damaged by frosts cut off shortly (on knots), at this a scrap the gain of annual escapes is more and quality is better. In this case within a year the bush formirovka is completely restored. The best gain at a scrap on knots speaks bushes that on these bushes a food of each peephole is better and plastic substances are more rationally used.
At death no more than 50-60 % of eyes increase in loading of bushes it is possible to achieve in the current year receiving a full crop of grapes. Cut off such plantings by usual order, and loading of bushes increase according to degree of death of eyes.
Increase of loading should be carried out as at the expense of increase in quantity of fruit rods on a bush, and at the expense of longer their scraps. Final load of a bush is established during time fragments of superfluous green escapes. At a fragment first of all delete the weak fruitless escapes developing on the head and other long-term parts of a bush, and weak escapes on doubles. Well developed escapes leave for the purpose of use them for education on a bush of new sleeves or replacements of sleeves with a weak gain and a crop.
On well provided vineyards it is necessary to leave a food and moisture on each bush probably bigger number of fruit escapes and to delete all weak and fruitless. If plodonosny escapes developed a little, at a fragment it is necessary to leave and strong fruitless escapes.
For the second year after damage by frosts to a scrap carry out according to settlement data on results of a mikroskopirovaniye of each grade:
For a grade to Aligota – to a scrap of a fruit rod recommend for 4-6 eyes, after fragments on the average on a bush there should be 20 escapes; Kokur white – length scraps average on 6 eyes or long – 10-11 eyes; the Muscat white, the Muscat pink – length scraps of 6-8 eyes; Rieslings – it is necessary to leave long lashes on 10 eyes; Saperavi – it is necessary to apply truncated to a scrap with leaving on shooters of limited quantity of eyes – to 7-8; Silvaner – after fragments on a bush should be from 14 to 20 escapes depending on weather conditions of year, level of an agrotechnology and vegetative force of a bush, length scraps from average (6-8) to long (10-12); Shasla, Cabernet Sauvignon – fruit rods cut on 7-8 eyes; Sauvignon green, Ruby Magaracha – a scrap long on 8-10 eyes; Sersial, Rkatsiteli, Podarok Magaracha, Pino gray – length scraps from 5-6 till 9-10 eyes etc.
At death over 80 % of eyes and partial damage of annual escapes during time scraps on bushes leave all normally developed escapes, deleting only their top not quite ripe part, and also the underdeveloped and obviously lost escapes. It is necessary to leave also on fructification the odrevesnevshy stepsons which kidneys usually remain better. Final loading of bushes establish after development of green escapes at achievement of length by them 8-10 see. To a fragment of escapes combine with removal of all last year’s rods or their parts on which eyes didn’t develop.
At big damage of eyes and partially long-term wood the formirovka of bushes therefore at a fragment it is necessary to leave the best, well located and suitable for restoration of bushes poroslevy escapes is strongly broken. When on bushes not enough escapes developed, at a fragment 8-10 knots are necessary prishhipnut silnorosly escapes after education on them. The stepsons formed as a result of it next year can be, are used for creation of fruit links, knots of replacement and fruit rods for receiving a crop.
For the second year after damage by frosts bushes are given a necessary form, i.e. restore a formirovka.
At full death of eyes on annual escapes if there were intact fabrics of long-term wood, at a scrap of bushes it is necessary to delete died-off rods and to keep sleeves on which to leave the 2-3rd glazkovy knots. Restoration of bushes is made at the expense of the escapes which have developed from sleeping kidneys on the head and sleeves, and also from angular eyes at the basis of the left knots. The number of left escapes, their location is regulated by the oblomky.
When all elevated parts of a bush including long-term wood, it is expedient to make on kornesobstvenny bushes a krone cut to live wood completely were lost or to cut off a bush on a black head. Restore a formirovka of bushes at the expense of poroslevy escapes. For the accelerated restoration of a formirovka leave on 1-2 strongest escapes which have been successfully located, which subsequently prishhipyvayut for education of stepsons.
At damage of root system it is necessary to reduce loading of bushes, and fruit rods to cut off more shortly than the usual.
Care of the damaged vineyards.
Besides recommended ways scraps and operations with green parts of a bush, it is necessary especially carefully and to carry out in due time all complex of agroreceptions on the care of plantings.
It is necessary to give special attention to a timely and correct podvyazyvaniye of rods to a lane. Considering that them can be more usual, it is necessary for executing in two circles not to allow a zagushcheniye of sheet bed curtains. At absence on bushes of knots of replacement it is necessary to tie up a part of rods with a crescent bend at the basis. From the kidneys located to a bend, stronger escapes which next year should be used on fructification and on replacement knots will develop.
On vineyards it is necessary to close as soon as possible moisture a boronovaniye. During the whole period of vegetation the soil on vineyards should be contained in a steam condition, and after rains to carry out loosening.
It is necessary to feed up vineyards mineral fertilizers: doses to count it is differentiated by results of the soil analysis, i.e. depending on providing the soil with food elements. It is necessary to apply also extra root top dressing by the complex fertilizers enriched with microcells (zinc, manganese, pine forest) which promote more amicable flowering, and also to setting of berries and them having poured.
The plants struck with frosts have a strong stress and especially need protection against wreckers and diseases.
After a scrap and to care of the grape bushes damaged by frosts, it is necessary to apply recommended actions taking into account concrete features of each site, its high-quality structure and a condition of plantings.
M. Beybulatov, candidate of agricultural sciences, senior research associate, N. Urdenko, younger research associate NIViV "Magarach".