In this article fillokseroustoychivy grades of grapes which are brought in the State registers of Russia and Ukraine are listed. These grades created by several generations of selectors, are capable to bring wine growing of Ukraine on new level.
The Fillokserny problem arose in the second half of the XIX century, when from America to Europe the most harmful mushroom diseases of grapes (mildyu, gray decay, oidium) and the most dangerous wrecker – a phylloxera were delivered. By numerous researches and supervision it was established that if mushroom diseases in separate years can destroy only a crop, the phylloxera with pathogenic microflora for some years completely destroys a grape plant.
Conventional the statement that in the most reliable way of protection of grades of V now is. vinifera from a phylloxera serves the imparted culture. However, as it was noticed by many researchers, the imparted culture is accompanied by a number of shortcomings and most essential of them – harmful action on the imparted vineyards of a bacterial cancer and viruses, discrepancy of a stock to a scion and others.
For the first time idea about possibility of creation of the grades combining stability to a phylloxera and mushroom diseases, inherent in the American types, with quality of grades of V. vinifera were stated by the French scientists to Millyarda and Pyulya more than 100 years ago, and the first interspecific crossings between V. riparia and V. labruska in 1868 were carried out by Taylor. The received hybrids gave rise to so-called hybrids – to the direct producers, being characterized high degree of stability, but unsatisfactory quality: Kuderk, Zeybel, Bako, Ganzen, Oberlen, Gayar, Terraces, Ravaz, Tsebry, Nightingale. Crossing the American views with the best grades of V. Vinifera, selectors created the Franco-American hybrids, differing stability to a phylloxera and mushroom diseases, but yet not satisfying on quality of a crop. The subsequent works Zeybel, Seyv Villar, Ravaz, Zhoanez-Seyv, Gusfeld and others showed that by returnable sating crossings and careful selection it is possible to create the grades steady against mushroom diseases and a phylloxera, considerably the best quality, than initial forms.
The works begun by these selectors, were continued in the Soviet Union, Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria and crowned creation of steady grades with quality of a crop at level of grades of V. vinifera. Selection on stability is based on the evolutionary theory of Darwin about natural selection and, especially, on the regularities of immunity established by N.I.Vavilov. Developing Vavilov’s main ideas on immunity, Zhukovsky showed that hereditary stability develops in the homeland of a parasite and a plant – the owner and that the interfaced evolution of a plant owner and a pathogen leads to emergence of genetic systems at the plants providing stability to many diseases, and in certain cases and immunity.
If to consider from this point of view geographical groups of grapes, the American types are most valuable as donors of stability to a phylloxera, mildyu, gray decay, oidiumu, and various ekotipy the Amur grapes, created in the conditions of severe climate, are most valuable on the basis of frost resistance.
On N.I.Vavilov’s trope, selection represents the evolution directed by will of the person.
The main condition providing success of selection, presence of donors of selektiruyemy signs and their rational use by the selector is. Special value in acceleration of selection process and completion of a lack of knowledge of the genetic nature of initial forms and posterities, get methods of early diagnostics of genotipichesky specificity.
Extensive researches on creation of steady grades of grapes in the second half of the XX century were carried out by selectors Moldavian NIIViV NPO Viyerul under the direction of N.I.Guzun and selectors VNIIViV "Magarach" under the direction of P.Ya.Golodrigi. At these institutes, by a technique of the known Moldavian phytopathologist of P. N. Nedov for diagnostics of degree of stability of grades and seyanets to a phylloxera and pathogenic microflora, complex infectious backgrounds with the dosed-out infectious loading were organized.
Through a hearth of infectious backgrounds, in the conditions of annual artificial infection by a phylloxera and pathogenic microflora, passed tests of one thousand seyanets (the assessment was carried out 5-6 years) from which are allocated steady against a phylloxera and the mushroom diseases, suitable for cultivation in kornesobstvenny culture of a grade – the Muscat Bessarabia, Luminitsa, Viorik, Ardent, Doyna, December, Anniversary of Moldova, Yalovensky steady, Zhuravel’s Anniversary, Moldova, Viyerul-59, Starting, First-born Magaracha, Podarok Magaracha, Anniversary Magaracha, Antya of magarachskiya, Aurora Magaracha, Spartan Magaracha, the Centaur of magarachskiya, Danko, the Riesling of Magaracha, Tsitronny Magaracha, Tavkveri Magaracha, Risus, Rubin of Golodrigi, Bukovink, Amateur, Chocolate, Livady’s Muscat and others.
Field stability to a phylloxera and the mushroom diseases, the increased frost resistance, high and stable productivity within 150-200 c/hectares and high quality of production are confirmed with long-term use in production in kornesobstvenny culture of such grades as First-born Magaracha, Podarok Magaracha, Moldova, Bianka, Onitskansky white and others.
However, strikes that fact that in Russia on chernozems of Kuban, Stavropol Territory and other regions specific weight of steady grades of the Moldavian, Hungarian, Ukrainian selection makes more than 20 %, and in Stavropol Territory – to 50 % from total area of grape plantings, whereas in Ukraine where many of these grades were created, only 0,9 %. Some leading experts of vinogradarsky branch of Ukraine argue what to conduct kornesobstvenny culture of grapes it is possible only on sand.
Meanwhile, in 2006g., when t ° went down to-26 (-28°S) only kornesobstvenny plantings of such grades as Podarok Magaracha, Risus, Rubin of Golodrigi, Biank, First-born Magaracha, Tsitronny Magaracha, the Muscat of Golodrigi in farms of the Crimea, the Kherson, Nikolaev, Odessa areas both on sand, and on chernozems, and on terra rossas provided a crop within 70-130 c/hectares.
It is necessary to note that the majority of new grades has high regeneration ability and is well restored from poroslevy escapes.
In recent years in the State registers of Russia and Ukraine new grades of grapes of Tsitronny Magaracha, Danko, Risus, Tavkveri Magaracha, Rubin of Golodrigi, and are brought in the State register of Ukraine also grades – Bukovinka, Livadiysky black, Oleg, Gurzufsky pink, by Muskat Golodrigi, Amateur, Chocolate, Livady’s Muscat.
These grades are allocated on a complex of biological and economic and valuable signs from a genofund created under the direction of professor P.Ya.Golodrigi, were studied by us at Magarach institute, and with 1993g. in scientific vnedrencheskoj to Ampelos firm. As a result of long-term test of new grades in kornesobstvenny culture on an infectious background in Gossortoseti, in collection and industrial plantings of various vinogradarsky zones of Ukraine and Russia their field stability to a phylloxera and the mushroom diseases, the increased frost resistance, high quality and high productivity was confirmed at the minimum (2-3) preventive processings by pesticides.
For a long time the question about diglikozidax is removed. First, at the majority of new grades diglikozidov isn’t present, and in the second, scientists of many countries proved their harmlessness. There are no claims and to quality of berries of new grades, wine materials from them are highly appreciated on numerous tastings at Magarach institute, NPAO "Massandra", JSC Alkadar, JSC Radsad, in Goseksperttsentrakh Kryma, Ukraine and Russia, and on the XVI international congress on wine growing and winemaking which passed in Stuttgart (Germany) in 1979 it was offered to estimate advantages of all new grades by the general criteria of a kulturnost and quality irrespective of their origin.
The interest which has increased around the world to steady grades is stimulated with need of decrease in pesticidal load of environment, decrease in labor and power expenses for grapes cultivation, and the main thing, possibility of receiving production not polluted by the remains yadoximikatov.
Fast introduction of new grades of grapes steady not to separate diseases, wreckers and a frost, and to all complex of the limiting factors which are at the bottom of instability of a crop, will allow to eliminate many negative sides of modern wine growing and will promote high economic efficiency of branch.
Steady grades of grapes were created on an extent more than century history by several generations of selectors, they are capable to deduce wine growing of Ukraine on new level.
V. Yurchenko,
director scientific vnedrencheskoj Ampelos firms,
M. Kostik,
the leading expert on selection, the candidate of agricultural sciences.