It is told about value of use of collateral production of plant growing on fertilizers. For this purpose it is necessary to adhere to a scientific and reasonable technique and recommendations about applied equipment. The set of cars for different cultures and manufacturing plants of cars is given.
UDC 631
Use of collateral production of plant growing on fertilizer will give the chance to increase fertility of the soil, to provide an optimum food of plants and to have a stable gain of a crop.
Real and effective way of a suspension of degradation of chernozems – purposeful use of fertilizers of collateral production of plant growing (straw of cereals and bean cultures, corn and sunflower stalks, a beet tops of vegetable) and sideratov in connection with other factors of an intensification.
Annually straw and stalks of corn about 25-30 million t are gained, on the average about 1 t of the collateral production which bulk now don’t use in animal husbandry is the share of 1 t of grain. Fertilizing efficiency of ton of the straw crushed and closed-up in the soil and other collateral production of plant growing is equivalent 3,5-4 t of semi-rerotten manure. Thus straw seal to the soil in places of its cleaning eliminates costs of stacking, transportation, etc. For this purpose application of a complex of page is required – x. technicians.
To provide high-quality processing of the soil at existence on a surface of a field of a large number of a vegetative biomass it is possible under condition of performance of such technological chain: creation of an initial agrobackground – application of fertilizers – seal to the soil of a vegetative biomass.
To gain desirable effect from seal of not commodity part of a crop, it is necessary to adhere to requirements of scientifically reasonable technique, it agrees with which each ton of vegetative weight it is required to add surely 10 kg of of river of nitrogen.
Creation of an initial agrobackground is one of the major links that is connected with finishing of a vegetative biomass to a suitable condition for seal. For technological reasons such initial agrobackground is agrofon in the form of the crushed vegetative biomass which has been evenly scattered on a surfaces of a field.
For grain it is necessary to provide such type of an agrobackground during harvesting, using combines with grinders of not grain part of a crop.
Not to allow straw losses because of a high cut, a crop collect on technology of an ochesyvaniye of a grain part with application of harvesters ZhON-4, ZhON-6, and to its crushing apply a mulchivatel hinged rotor MNR-12 (JSC Hmelnikselmash). It considerably improves further process of processing of the soil. After a harvest straw are shaky it is required to crush and scatter across the field a grinder spreader of wolves PRS-2,1 (JSC CB Berdyanskselmash).
For crushing and scattering across the field of stalks of grain corn and sunflower it is necessary to use such means: when cleaning corn – harvester KMS-6 to combine harvesters "Don-1500", KZS – 9-1 "Slavutich", "Yenisei-950", harvesters to a combine harvester "Lang", to the hook-on kukuruzouborochny KKP-2C combine; when cleaning sunflower – the PZS-8 adaptation or PS – 6-0,5 to combine harvesters.
Suitable is also agrofon from a tops of vegetable of the sugar beet scattered across the field or an ulozheniye in are shaky by means of korneuborochny Zbruch combines KB-2, KSB-6 and botvouborochny MGR-6 cars (rotor), MGSh-6 (shnekovy) and MGM-6 and MBP (its updatings MGU-6, MBK-2,7).
It is possible to provide high-quality introduction of the granulated mineral fertilizers, using the hook-on MD-4 car "Galichina", hinged spreaders MVD-900, MVD-0,5 or RDN-0,5 and MVU-0,5AG.
It is possible to use hook-on spreaders of brands 1-RMG-4 and RUM-8 also.
The modern park of soil-cultivating equipment fully provides seals of collateral production to the soil.
In system of processing of the soil on zyab right after cleaning apply such soil-cultivating tools: a cultivator shikorozakhvatny KShN-5,6 "Resident", the unit rotational "Agro-3", a cultivator for preseeding processing of the soil KKP-6 "Cardinal", a harrow of deep loosening BGR-4,2 of "Solokh" (the producer – JSC Galeshchina-mashzavod), etc. They, except loosening of the soil close up the crushed and standing straw on depth of nearly 20 cm, level a field surface. The majority of weeds is at the same time destroyed.
On heavy soils in case of a high eddish (20 cm and are more) or powerful wolves of straw apply a deep disking (to 16 cm) heavy disk harrows BDV-3, BDV-7 (joint stock company "Umanfermmash"), a harrow disk BDV-6,5 (JSC Boreks) either the disk soil-cultivating AGD-2,3 unit or a harrow disk heavy BDV-8,5 and BDV-6,5 (JSC Belotserkovselmash).
The corn on a silo and grain, a soya, sunflower is predecessors who late clean, i.e. before sowing winter or during the sowing period. Humidity of the soil during this time very low, density high. Therefore its processing is complicated and causes losses of residual stocks of moisture. The minimum losses of moisture reach thanks to high quality of processing and contiguity of all complex of works. The first disking heavy disk harrows "Demetra" – DMT-2; DMT-4; DMT-6 and others it is necessary to carry out after cleaning of the predecessor at an angle to the direction of ryadok. The second disking carry out at an angle to the direction of sowing and the first disking with obligatory seal of bulk of an eddish and the crushed stalks in the top layer of earth. If the width of the cleaned zagonka is sufficient, a disking carry out across the direction of sowing of the predecessor.
Depending on quantity of the pozhnivny remains which remained not closed up to the soil, and soil conditions after two disking, lead up it to a sowing condition shirokozakhvatny cultivators KShN-5,6 "Resident", or disk cultivators KKP-3,6, or combined cultivator KNK-6,0 "Slavutich", or KOMBI-3900-1, carrying out loosening on 6-10 see.
At high-quality processing of the soil after one-two disking it is possible to carry out sowing by sternevy seeders of STS-2,1; STS-6 or seeders of direct seeding. To the raw soil it is possible to sow seeders "Model-108".
Lately there was popular a use of the combined shirokozakhvatny units of direct seeding. It is for this purpose expedient to use the unit of direct seeding APP-6, SP-10,8 and annulate harrow BIG-3A with grain seeder SZ-3,6A.
Use of the combined unit of preseeding processing of the soil and sowing AK-4,4 with SZ-3,6 (the developer – NNTs IMESH) which for one pass carries out five operations is worthy.
Mentioned above a seeder if them to link on two-three, and units for the direct seeding, combined with the tractors HTZ-16131 and HTZ-170, effectively use in case of introduction of bioorganic technology which demands operative seeding in optimum terms.
So, wide use on fertilizer of collateral production of plant growing at the same time with mineral nitrogen promotes increase of fertility of the soil, provides an optimum food of plants and under condition of effective use of park of domestic cars and mechanisms gives the chance to receive stable crops of agricultural cultures with a crop increase for 10-25 %.
A.Degusarov, A.Mazurenko, K.Doroshenko.
(On Propozits_ya magazine materials).