In article there is a speech about system of sale of agricultural production in the countries with the developed market economy based on principles of the competition.
It is told about functioning of the wholesale markets on an example of France, the USA, Japan, experience of wholesale trade by vegetable production in Ukraine is given.
The attention of the reader is turned on existence of deterrents in development of the Ukrainian wholesale trade.
UDC
The system of sale of agricultural production in the countries with the developed market economy is based on competition principles. Main functions of such system:
– wholesale deliveries of the trade, to the processing enterprises or intermediary wholesalers, and also catering establishments;
– retail of finished product to the population (ultimate consumers).
In France 16 wholesale and retail markets of foodstuff through which 45 % of vegetables and the fruit, over 50 % of eggs, 50 % of a number of cattle, 75 % of sheep, 20 % of pigs are realized function.
The companies operating the markets, receive from the state the long-term concept on a right of use of the earth and real estate, soft loans. The state reserves the right to itself to carry out quarantine, sanitary and customs control. As a rule, it possesses a considerable part of actions in the stock companies operating the markets.
The prices of the wholesale market are established by an exchange principle. Data on a price level are transferred in information service of the Ministry of Agriculture where through a special database they arrive in nation-wide information system and become available to any subscriber.
In the USA the food markets of various forms of ownership function: state, private, public, mixed. Types of the markets are various also: wholesale, wholesale retail lotochnye, auction lotochnye. They are created for trade in food production of the wide range or uzkospecializirovany.
At market formation the federal government or the government of staff assisted the majority of them. Many markets belong to private owners who independently financed their creation.
In the USA wholesale operations from the point of view of the taxation are considered separately from retail operations. For elimination of double taxation wholesale operations, as a rule, aren’t taxed.
In Japan there are two types of the wholesale markets: central (in big cities) and regional, local (in small). Except them, functions 1000 more small wholesale markets. In total through the wholesale markets in Japan 80-90 % of production are realized.
In 1971 in Japan the Law on the wholesale markets, providing the basic rules of trade in the market was passed. The Japanese markets differ from the European subjects that on them only auction trade (the bargaining is conducted from the bottom level of the price) is carried out. Production on auctions is delivered by farmer cooperatives, private trading agents, importers. The goods exposed at auction buy supermarkets, the catering establishments processing the enterprises, intermediary firms, etc.
Foreign experience testifies that classification of components of the national food market depends on degree of concentration of demand and offers. The seller can be both big agrarian firm, and individual producers. In the national market the goods suitable for long realization (grain, sunflower seeds, sugar, meat) are on sale. In the regional market – the goods of short-term storage (fresh vegetables, berries, fruit).
The corresponding infrastructure is necessary for normal functioning of the market. The control service of quality of production should operate on each of the markets.
Wholesale trade in vegetable production in Ukraine is in most cases carried out through a network of the wholesale and retail markets. Our markets don’t provide clients with transport, bank services, container, packing, stock, etc. which are provided in the typical European wholesale vegetable market.
Deterrent in development of wholesale trade in Ukraine are heavy taxes, debt of the enterprises, absence of the market of the earth, default of contracts.
Making use of world experience, it is necessary to create own, adapted for national features of Ukraine system of the wholesale vegetable markets.
(On Ovoshchevodstvo magazine materials).