This article acquaints readers with the technological scheme of development of the fish-breeding enterprise.
On July 8 – Day of the fisherman
The technological scheme developed taking into account strong and weaknesses of the concrete enterprise is necessary for each fish-breeding economy. A choice of the most effective technology – the first and most important step on a way of creation of such enterprise.
Prudovye of an economy
It is the main type of the fish-breeding enterprises in our country. They were created, first of all, for cultivation of a carp and other rastitelnoyadny fishes.
Rybkhoza, located in five-seven zones favorable for cultivation of thermophilic fishes, are capable to receive large and rather cheap production. However often meet difficulties sale, and then should or be engaged in transportation of fish on big distances, or sell it at the low prices on a place.
And still prudovy farms spend considerable funds for repair and maintenance of prudovy fund.
Profitable maintaining a prudovy fish-breeding economy, is possible only under conditions if there is a source of water supply of the sufficient capacity, submitting all the year round water of high quality, samotechny water supply of ponds of all categories is provided, prevention of diseases of fishes, a climatic zone in which the economy is located is conducted, corresponds to cultivated species of fish. It is important still that there was a stable source of a qualitative ryboposadochny material (own nursery or purchase possibility. Convenient entrances, roads with a firm covering in an economy are obligatory. it can’t normally work, if there are zhivorybny corfs, no pools, other constructions, allowing to contain and sell commodity fish all the year round and also if there is no own network of sale of live fish or products of her processing, own motor transport, sufficient for realization of grown-up production and delivery of fish from other farms.
Sadkovye of an economy
Development of traditional forms of fish breeding in the Crimea is limited by water resources adapted for effective fish breeding and insufficient financing of development of effective production of available unadapted reservoirs. And that correspond, at least approximately, to hydraulic engineering and piscicultural norms, already have the user or the owner, and fish already grows in them.
How to be another wishing, how to realize the possibilities in fish breeding? The answer one – through a sadkovy economy.
The favorable hydrochemical mode in big ponds, reservoirs, channels and even in creeks of the small rivers allows to organize in them sadkovy farms from two, four, eight and more corfs, for production of commodity fish.
It is possible to begin with cultivation of a carp, a silver carp, a trout and other valuable species of fish.
Corfs happen a different form. Generally they represent freely hanging down in water of the rectangular or trapetsiadalny bags form from the kapron lateksirovany put (grids), from yachey 6,5 or 10 millimeters. Having made corfs and having floated them, zaryblyayut their godoviky a carp, it is powerful 25 grams. Landing density – 200 pieces zarybka on 1 m of quarter.
Business it is attractive by exclusively low expenses, fast payback. control of grown-up fish, the small area occupied by corfs, convenient service is simplified. Sadkovye farms can be very effective and at an incomplete manufacturing lead time.
However there are also shortcomings: a complete dependence from a temperature, hydrochemical and hydrological mode of a reservoir in which corfs, impossibility of use (behind some exceptions) natural food supply of a reservoir are established.
River sadkovy farms practically aren’t widespread at us in the Crimea though on the river and the channel, thanks to a current, advantages of corfs are shown especially strongly. Thanks to simplicity of the organization and low initial expenses they represent the greatest interest for the farmers, decided to be engaged in fish breeding.
In corfs fish grow up not in all reservoir, and in separate, fenced its part. Corfs call various constructions: del tense on stakes or any other framework, wooden floating trellised boxes, mesh metal or plastic capacities and others. The usual sizes of a corf – 3×4 m, depth – to 5 m, joined make the sadkovy line. In one corf contains to 1200 kg of commodity fish. Establish them in a flowing or landlocked reservoir.
Corfs call also small ponds in the area from 10 to 4000 sq.m, having high pro-accuracy and employees for an overexposure of fish during the autumn and winter and spring period.
Such fish breeding has the advantages before the classical. First, corfs can occupy only a part of a reservoir that allows to use water resources not only for fish breeding, but also for other branches. Other advantage – to a sadkovy economy isn’t required to deduce a lot of earth from an agricultural turn, as for prudovy farms. Corfs have in the reservoir, and ashore build only auxiliary constructions: warehouses, houses and t. d
At cultivation of fish in corfs it is not required creations of compulsory water exchange and an expense of the electric power on water pumping, as for basseynovy farms. In them constantly occurs passive (not demanding efforts from the person) the water exchange created by the fish at movement, and also at the expense of wave hashing. Thanks to it there is a continuous updating of water, and its quality is in borders of the established norms even at high density of landing of fish. In well nontight corfs from the kapron put the same physical and chemical mode, as well as in a reservoir in which they are established is created. It allows to expand in comparison with ponds quantity of grown-up species of fish, including high-valuable, such as salmon and sturgeon. Sadkovye fish-breeding farms on lakes and reservoirs allow to use a part of fodder resources of reservoirs. Round corfs the zone with higher concentration of a zooplankton, a phytoplankton, a benthos, wild fish which are involved with the remains of compound feeds and the excrement is created, washed away through openings in the kapron put. Sadkovye farms can settle down and often settle down close or even in the territory of settlements. It allows to get some advantages which are expressing available of access roads, security with labor, use of ready communications (power lines, a water supply system, the gas pipeline etc.).
But along with advantages cultivation of fish in corfs has also the negative sides. The main thing from them – is an evtrofikatsiya – reservoir pollution by organic substance. The name "evtrofikatsiya" occurs from the Greek word "evtrofiya" that in a translation into Russian means a good food. Dense landings of fish and intensive feeding lead to a progressing evtrofikatsiya of a reservoir. That it didn’t occur, it is necessary to observe the main rule strictly: the area of corfs in a reservoir shouldn’t exceed 0,1 % from the area of all reservoir. Besides, rational feeding of fish, use of effective compoundings of forages and ways of feeding about which it was already told, application of lime application, a planting of additional species of fish where it is possible, reduce negative influence of sadkovy farms on a reservoir. However even if all above-mentioned measures, all the same quantity of organic substance in a reservoir are carried out increases. That is why it is not recommended to organize sadkovy farms on the reservoirs used as sources of drinking water for the population.
Fish-breeding corfs – setny designs for intensive cultivation of fish.
Corfs are classified on the intended: for a podrashchivaniye thresh, vyrostny, for an overexposure.
Forms of corfs: standard (cubic or rectangular), multilateral, depending on local conditions (from 6 parties and further).
From appointment and depending on fastening the sizes and equipment (pozhiliny, a cover, etc.) corfs which happen partially or completely pogruzhny get out. The main material for manufacturing of corfs – kapron and polyethylene setepolotna, and a way are viscous and the sizes yachei get out depending on purpose of a corf. Manufacturing combined of various on materials and the sizes setepoloten corfs is possible.
As material can serve and: central polyamide setny cloths, with yacheyoj from 6,5 mm till any necessary size with the corresponding thickness of a thread;
central polyethylene setny cloths, with yacheyoj from 10 mm to 40 mm with the corresponding thickness of a thread; bezuzlovy polyamide setny cloths, with yacheyoj from 4 mm to 20 mm with the corresponding thickness of a thread; combined (raznoyacheyny, uzlovye+bezuzlovy, poliamid+polietilen, etc.).
1. Fish-breeding sadkovy lines.
Criteria at a choice of sadkovy lines – the square (volume) which can be involved under landing of a ryboposadochny material, and also a way of a support (fastening) of corfs.
Options of a set of support (with possible increase in the landing areas) are possible: from rectangular plastic pontoons; on tension ropes; from metal pontoons. And on a way of disclosure: rasporny and bliznetsovy; on the leaving horizon: ground, benthonic, allopelagic, universal; and on a design of a setny part; on a cover material; by quantity of towing cables (vayer), etc.
The Crimean state agrarian educational advice center promotes development and production of surface, underwater sadkovy devices, in particular, for industrial fish breeding. These surface and underwater, century the automated fish-breeding corfs, are developed for intensive cultivation of different types of fish during the whole year in fresh-water reservoirs and in the high sea. Are established both on one, and on some pieces, making a sadkovy farm. At the minimum service autonomy, ideal conditions for growth of fish and, as a result, the fastest receiving profit is provided thus. Besides underwater systems don’t interfere with other types of operation of reservoirs and don’t break a landscape that allows to establish them near sales markets of fish, the tourist centers and recreation areas.
www.minagro.crimea.ua
Cultivation of fish in corfs – the most flexible technology. It gives the chance to organize profitable production even where it seems impossible.
One of ways of decrease in expenses for feeding, along with others – installation on corfs of cultivators of a larva of a fly room. Having established six cultivators on a corf, we solve a question of additional providing with a forage, and live, for all term otkorma a commodity carp. Serially charging on two cultivators, it is possible to receive to 30 kg of a raznovozratny larva of a fly room on a corf per day. And fish receives, eating a larva: 38 % – a lysine, 28 % – cystitis methionine, 31 % – treonina on nutritiousness of 55 – 60 % of protein, 16 – 18 % of fat, 8 % – BEV.
Skarmlivaniye of a larva of a fly room, from May to October gives the chance to a carp to increase quickly muscular weight from 25 grams to 1000 gra mmov.
Cultivation of commodity fish in corfs – is semi-operated culture of production of commodity fish. Influence of an external factor – temperatures of the habitat depending on weather conditions affects. Cultivation of commodity fish in pools is more effective. At this way there is no need in ponds, lakes or the rivers. To have pools it is possible: on a personal plot, in a kitchen garden, a garden and in general anywhere if only there was a water intake possibility. Pools, as well as corfs, can be the different sizes and configurations. Can be made of different materials. They can be constructed from a brick, construction blocks, a tree, concrete plates, etc. The main thing, is necessary, that water tightly kept. And also there was a possibility to connect to the pool: water aeration by air to carry out pumping it, plums of pollution. Tightness of the pool can be executed a polyethylene film, having stuck together some pieces on the size of the pool, by means of the ordinary iron, water pumping – any household electropump. In the most optimum size, from experience, the next sizes of pools are considered: 6*6*1,5 m and 6*10*1,5 m. Very conveniently when using standard ZhB of products, a standard board and let-out sleeves of a polyethylene film.
Unlike a corf, in the pool it is possible to make a zarybleniye in March – April, having covered it, on made of fittings or a tree to arches a film. From the covered and warmed pool to catch and realize fish it is possible not in October, and in December – January. Only the price of realization will be twice higher. Fattening in the pool of a carp from 25 grams to 1500 grams for one turn, (from March to December) it is possible to receive over 7000 kgs of products.
Costs of manufacturing of corfs or pools pay off for spring – summer – autumn months.
In pools, it is possible, not only to grow up commodity fish, but also to contain producers with the subsequent selection of caviar and an incubation, podrashhivat a larva, to grow up zarybok (godovikov) and at last, simply avaricious in the autumn live fish, to overdo 2-3 months and to sell it at the winter prices.
At cooperation of fish breeders it is possible to fulfill the following mechanism: the matochnik contains one, selects caviar both inkubiruet and podrashhivaet a larva; another contains the pool for otkorma larvae to godovika; the third, makes live forages (a kolovratok, moinu, the water flea, etc. for otkorma larvae), and already the fourth makes commodity fish.
Industrial fish-breeding installations with the closed system of water supply (RUZV)
The peak of development of farms of this kind has on 70e – 80e years of the last century. In the USSR some tens fish-breeding installations were. However at the beginning of the XXI century there were only individual enterprises. The main reason for closing of RUZV – high operational costs and low reliability.
With the closed (turnaround) water supply it is possible to carry to advantages of industrial farms: an optimum temperature mode during the whole year; possibility to supervise majority of parameters of the environment; complete security from adverse weather factors. Well and shortcomings it is possible to call continuation of advantages. It both high initial capital investments and need of uninterrupted power supply, existence of independent sources of power supply. And still additional costs of pumping of water; costs of its heating of water; on water preparation (biological and mechanical cleaning), need for pure oxygen since air aeration usually doesn’t allow to provide optimum conditions of cultivation and the maximum density of landing as reused water, as a rule, concedes pure natural on a number of indicators (the content of nitrites, ammoniyny nitrogen, BKP5, the bacterial obsemenennost, etc.) that, finally, affects a physiological condition and flavoring qualities of grown-up fish.
All these difficulties demand obligatory existence of high-grade hydrochemical laboratory; improvements of management by system of biological cleaning, make exclusively high demands to qualification of the service personnel, generate rapidity of infectious process, creating additional difficulties in fight against invazionny and infectious diseases of fishes
Finally received production usually appears much more expensively, than that which is grown up in open reservoirs or corfs, conceding to the last on quality.
And still industrial installations can appear effective, for example, by production of a landing material of sturgeon fishes, cultivation of sturgeons for receiving commodity caviar, at a combination of cultivation to an overexposure of commodity fish, and also in some other schemes. So, for example, the concept of preservation of rare species of sturgeon fishes was realized by a way of creation of industrial installations with the closed water supply. Such schemes of water supply of industrial farms which exclude biological cleaning, as that are very perspective.
Unfortunately, RUZV scheme in which process of water preparation was carried out in biological ponds – settlers is almost forgotten. And after all this system created under the direction of the professor of Timiryazevsky academy of V.V.Lavrovsky, already more than 30 years successfully functions in a trout economy "Skhodnya".
The attention is deserved by industrial basseynovy or sadkovy culture of cultivation of commodity fish of any kinds: a carp, a silver carp, channel somika, a white cupid, a telyapiya, a trout, and from the sturgeon – Bester and almost all inhabitants of the sea with use of sea water.
Big economic effect gives re-equipment of hothouses from under vegetables, for cultivation of commodity fish or other objects of cultivation, but for this purpose it is necessary to mount cultivators for simultaneous cultivation of forages.
Unfortunately because of impossibility briefly to describe production technologies and furthermore to give in the publication detailed drawings of corfs, pools, schemes and equipment drawings, we ask to address for more detailed information on the address: Simferopol, Shalfeynaya St., 1, KGAUKC. NTI department.
Address to experts, and you will relieve yourselves of repetition of another’s mistakes and will quickly come to economic prosperity.
Ryshkov O. V., zooengineer fish breeder.