In this issue of the newspaper it is told that at alternation in time and in space of vegetable cultures it is possible to achieve productivity increase. Examples of crop rotations with long-term herbs and without them are given. Besides, recommendations about a right choice of the predecessor are made.
Table 2
Table 2. Rotational change of cultures taking into account a set of cultures.
The crop rotation is scientifically reasonable alternation of agricultural cultures (and pair) in space (on fields, sites) and in time, the main part of system of agriculture. At crop rotation introduction its ground area break into approximately equal sites (fields), usually 4-10. Each culture in a certain sequence (according to the crop rotation scheme) is sowed on each of them, passing during alternation (rotation) through all fields. In comparison with a monoculture the crop rotation provides restoration and increase of fertility of the soil, rational use of the earth. Let’s remind, in what the essence of fertility consists.
It is set of properties of the soil (the maintenance of the humus, nutrients available to plants, moisture, etc.), obespechivayuyoshchy a crop of agricultural plants. Distinguish potentsialyyony (natural) and effektivyony (acquired under the influence of processing, fertilizers, land improvement, etc.) fertility of the soil. In turn, land improvement (from an armor. melioratio – improvement) – is a sovokupyonost organizational xozyajstvennyx and technical actions for radical improvement of lands with neyoblagopriyatny water and vozdushyony modes, chemical and fiyozichesky properties, podverzhenyony to a harmful mechanical vozyodeystviye of a wind or water. Types of a meyolioratsiya: irrigation, drainage, etc.
Crop rotations subdivide on field (cultivation grain, potatoes, a sugar beet, mareny tinctorial, flax, podsolnechnika, etc.); fodder (cultivation of herbs, corn, etc.); special (cultivation of vegetables, tobacco, risa, etc.).
Crop rotation develop taking into account natural (local) and ekoyonomichesky conditions of an economy. Osyonova of crop rotation drawing up yavlyaetsya structure of sowing campaigns ploshchayody (i.e. a ratio in it is mute crops of various cultures). It is the main precondition for an ustanovyoleniye of alternation of cultures in sevooborote. In turn, the structure of cultivated areas should uchityvat developing market otyonosheniye and demand for this or that vegetable production, and also on bakhyochevy and potatoes. So, calculations pokazyvayut that and coming to the Crimea on otyody and treatment on scientifically obosnovanyony norms it is necessary to make about 500 thousand t of vegetables for providing a naseyoleniye annually. Besides, for providing poyotrebnost of the processing enterprises fish promyshlennosti, canning shops and plants neobxodimo annually in addition to grow up about 100 thousand t of ovoshchyony production. Thus, promising need for vegetables which are necessary for growing up in the Crimea in public and individual sector, will make in the next years about 600 thousand t.
On forecasts, the same years objyoy made production in chastyony sector will increase and will reach 220-250 thousand t. Therefore, an osyotalny part of vegetable production (350-380 thousand t) it is necessary proizvodit in commodity vegerable-growing farms of various forms of a sobstyovennost. kartofelya, requirements necessary for an udovletvoreyoniya within a year, it is necessary to grow up about 400 thousand t both in obshchestyovenny, and in individual agyorarny sector, and also to deliver from other areas of the country. Bakhchevy production (about 60 thousand t) will mainly grow up in toyovarny farms.
The greatest specific weight otrasli, according to experts, dolzhny to borrow such vegetable kultury, as cabbage – 150 thousand t, a tomato – 150, carrots – 52, onions and garlic – 40, pepper – 35, an eggplant and a vegetable marrow – 27, a beet – 27, green – 19 thousand t; from the bakhchevy – a water-melon – 60, a melon – 20 thousand t. With the account biopotenciala the peninsula and tendencies of development of vegetable growing it is possible approximately opredelit that average productivity by 2015 should make 30-32 t/hectares. It follows from this that under vegetable cultures in the Crimea dostayotochno to occupy about 20 thousand hectares, and under bakhchevy – about 4,5 thousand hectares of oroshayoemy lands. At establishment ploshhadi irrigated lands for potatoes vyrayoshchivaniye in the Crimea about 200 thousand t recognize that 150 thousand can be made in a private sector on garden and garden and priusadebyony sites. by t it is delivered from kartofeleproizvodyashchy areas of Ukraine (Vinnytsia, Rovno, Sumy, etc.). On the seed purposes also expediently partially, in a koyolichestvo of 20-25 thousand t to import kartofel from aforementioned and other regions of the country. Thus, for cultivation of all vegetable production, bakhchevy and potatoes in the Crimea to farms various formy a property annually neobxodimo to allocate about 30 thousand hectares of an oroyoshayemy arable land.
So, we theoretically approximately established on prospect till 2015 specific weight of each of the main vegetable cultures in the Crimea. Struktuyora of cultivated areas in each concrete economy is determined taking into account local soil climatic conditions, productivity of cultures over the last 5 years, by obesyopechennost by seeds, udobreniyami, irrigation water, means of protection of plants, availability of zashchiyoshchenny soil for cultivation of sprouts, demand for a certain type of vegetable production, a sales market mestonayokhozhdeniye, skladyvayushhixsya the prices etc.
Practice shows that at permanent cultivation of kulturyony plants on the same site, especially without introduction of optiyomalny doses of organic and mineyoralny fertilizers, their crops snizhayutsya. Therefore for regular increase of productivity of vegetable, bakhchevy cultures and potatoes neobxodimo annually to change them mestami, that is to alternate in time and in space (in the territory).
Considering a high trebovatelyyonost of vegetable plants to a mineralyyony food and water security, vegetable and a vegetable – fodder sevooboroty it is necessary to place on naiyoboly fertile, genetically odyonotipny soils with good water physical properties, on otnoyositelno equal on a relief uchastke, provided with water for an orosheyoniya and a good drainage for collecting superfluous moisture in order to avoid a zayosoleniye of soils (especially in the steppe Prisivashya). It is desirable, that sevooborot took place near naselenyony point and cattle-breeding farms – sources of labor and organic fertilizers.
For rational an ispolzovayoniya of labor and agricultural machinery it is necessary, that the size of a field sostavlyal not less than 12-15 hectares. At soyovremenny level of mechanization of the area of fields can be increased sushchestyovenno, and their rectangular configuration (2-3:1) sposobstvuet to more productive work of agricultural machinery.
On external borders sevooborota, and also on borders of everyone or two-three adjacent fields vysazhivayut field-protecting forest belts (a nut, a maple, an oak, an apricot and other breeds of trees), lay proyoezdny ways and the constant opened or closed sprinklers, and except togo, from northern and east parties break gardens, parks, etc. In the priyolegayushchy territory to a crop rotation (or at the central road) build the brigade house (about 6 x 8 m) from a summer dining room, shower, warehouses and canopies for storage of material values, agricultural cars, container for sorting and packing of vegetables.
Vegetable crop rotations with mnoyogoletny herbs master in those farms where they give vysoyoky crops that has a big znayocheniye for animal husbandry. To Mnogoyoletniye herbs promote a nakopyoleniye in the soil of organic weight: in the first year – to 50 c/hectares, in the second – to 70 and it is more than a c/hectare that obespechivaet moving of calcium to the top layers of earth, clarification of fields from soryony plants. Under their influence the quantity and water durability of structural soil units and mobile forms of eleyoment of a mineral food of rasyoteniye increases and improves water vozdushnyj a soil mode. All this in the konechyony account also increases productivity of vegetable plants, improves kachestvo production.
Practice showed an inclusion effektivyonost in a crop rotation not only components of a bean and cereal mix (a lucerne + zhitnyak, etc.), but also one lucerne. On sites with fertile and pure from sornyakov soils long-term herbs use 1-2 years, on the irrigated lands inclined to a zasoleniye – 2 years and in a vegetable – fodder sevooborotax – 2-3 years.
Duration of rotation of vegetable crop rotations without mnoyogoletny herbs makes, as pravilo, 4-5 years, with long-term travami – 6-9 years. It is known that poloyozhitelny influence of a layer of mnoyogoletny herbs and manure lasts 2-3 years, these links of a crop rotation mogut to be 2 – 3-chlennymi.
It is established that only at the expense of a right choice of a predshestyovennik productivity of vegetable cultures can raise to 40-50 %. Special value has a choice of the predecessor for holodoyostoyky melkosemyanny cultures (a peyotrushka, carrots, onions, etc.), vyseyovayemy in the early spring. The soil under them prepare in the autumn as before sowing it to make not always udaetsya. Therefore it is very important, that the predecessor early released a field and not strongly exhausted the soil. Opyotimalnym the predecessor for melkosemyanny cultures poyoety are winter grain, especially grown up on chernomu or taken (viko-oat, etc.) to the fertilized steam. It is known that these cultures form big vegetative weight and suppress inyotensivny growth and development of weed plants. Besides, they ostavlyayut in the soil a significant amount of organic substance. At a choice of the predecessor for vegetable plants consider time of release by it fields (peas, onions, a cucumber, etc. earlier the site, than table root crops, late-ripening cabbage release, etc.) and carrying out by them from the soil of nutrients with a crop. So, for example, many piyotatelny substances are absorbed by pozdyonespely cabbage and a tomato, it is much less – a cucumber, a table beet and carrots. Besides, uchityvayut ability of plants usvaivat these or those elements of a mineyoralny food (nitrogen, phosphorus, kayoly, etc.) and from different depth, insistence to humidity pochvy etc. At the same time from the point of view of protection of plants alternation kultur in a crop rotation build such obyorazy to worsen a food of vreyoditel or to make it nevozmozhyony.
It is especially effective sevooborot for decrease chislennosti and injuriousness of odnoyadny wreckers (monophages). Napriyomer, a Colorado potato beetle – the dangerous wrecker of potatoes, baklazhana, a tomato – can’t razvivatsya on any other vegetable cultures. Therefore for decrease in number of this wrecker and reduction of its injuriousness neobxodimo to observe the correct cheyoredovaniye of cultures, their prostranstyovenny isolation, to use all methods of fight (agrotechnical, biological, chemical, mekhayonichesky, etc.). Entering crop rotations, it is possible to reduce injuriousness of ogra-nichennoyadny wreckers (oligofagov), such as a cabbage plant louse, etc. Seyovooborota promote decrease in number and injuriousness of mnogoyadny wreckers (polyphages) – winter scoops, cotton scoops, etc.
In vegetable growing it is accepted fields on which there were best predshestvenniki, to take away under the most valuable cultures. One of leading vegetable cultures in the Crimea is the tomato. During nayostoyashchy time it occupies about 20 % of all area of vegetable plants. The important place here occupies also a cucumber (more than 10 %). Therefore in vegetable sevooborotax with long-term herbs usually provide razmeshcheyony on a layer (after a zapakhivaniye lyucerny and other herbs) a tomato, pepper, an eggplant, and on manure – a cucumber.
In vegetable crop rotations without herbs on the first or third fields usually place a cucumber and the cabbage which is well responding on organicheyosky fertilizers (manure, compost, etc.) . The next year after a vneseyoniya of organic chemistry land a tomato, a peyorets, an eggplant, sow onions, and in a year – root crops, bean. At the correct alternation of cultures nutrients of the soil and udoyobreniye are used more productively. On the basis of vysheizlozhenyony we will call the best predshestyovennik for the main vegetable cultures in the Crimea. For a tomato, a peryoets, an eggplant – a layer of long-term herbs, a cucumber on an organic udobyoreniye; for a cucumber – the field which has been well fertilized organic udobreyoniy, a layer of long-term herbs; for cabbage of averages and late grades – the field which has been well fertilized by organicheyosky fertilizer; for onions turnip – an annual layer of long-term herbs, a cucumber on organic an udobreyoniya; for table root crops – a cucumber, early vegetable (early potatoes); for bean plants – a cucumber, a tomato; for the bakhchevy – a layer of long-term herbs. Giving rekoyomenduyemy the best predshestvenniki, it will be not out of place to mention the udovyoletvoritelny. So, for a tomato, pepper, an eggplant the udovletvoriyotelny predecessor yavlyaetsya a layer turn, that is mnogoyoletny herbs for the second year of their zapayokhivaniye; a cucumber can udovletvorit such previous kultury, as a tomato and cabbage on organicheyosky fertilizer; the cabbage of averages and late grades can be placed on a layer turn, a cucumber, vyrashchiyovayemy on organic an udobreyoniya; the crop of onions napiform can be received, vyseyav his ambassador of a tomato or bean (peas, etc.); table root crops show quite good efficiency after a tomato, onions turnip, bean; bean cultures – after table root crops; for the bakhchevy all vegetable rasyoteniye, except a cucumber are good; in field sevooborotax – winter crops.
Early potatoes place in vegetable, fodder and field sevooborotax. The best predshestvennikami for it in field sevooborotax are winter on udobrennomu or to busy steam, zernoboboyovy, corn on a silo, and in ovoshchyony – onions, a cucumber, cabbage, peas.
To return the vegetable plants struck same boleznyami and wreckers, on a former place, as a rule, it is possible not ranshe, than in 2-3 years, and it is better – for the 4th year (krestotsvetny, paslenoyovy, etc.). So, potatoes and a tomato are surprised same boleznyami therefore they shouldn’t follow directly one after another; it is necessary, that between tomato and potatoes landings in sevooborote there was a gap in 2-3 years. The tomato and potatoes razmeshhat in one field as a fitoyoftor in case of infection with it kartofelya the rasteyoniya passes on tomato doesn’t follow. The same occurs at potatoes zaseleyoniya the Colorado beetle.
The pathogenic beginnings soxranyayutsya in the soil from 1 to 6 years. So, lozhyony mealy dew remains in the soil, as a rule, 1-2 years, a kilogram krestotsvetny – 4 years. Therefore in case of distribution kily krestotsvetny it is impossible to grow up on an old place earlier, than in 4 years, similarly fields of other krestotsvetny should be remote from fields with cabbage for the term of not less than 4 years. Taking into account conditions the following types (tab. 1) and the scheme of crop rotations with vegetable kulturami for the Crimea are recommended. Except given, schemes of vegetable crop rotations can be 4-and 5-polnye, depending on a nayobor of cultures in an economy, conditions of water supply, demand for this or that production, an arrangement of sales markets, etc.
Doses of brought fertilizers ustanavlivayut proceeding from level a ployodorodiya, after carrying out the agrokhiyomichesky analysis of the soil. Organic chemistry, as a rule, bring under zyablevy plowing in number of 40-60 t/hectares. Mineral fertilizers ispolzuyut at the main processing of the soil, before seeding (disembarkation), and also in top dressing in vegetation of rasyoteniye. Superphosphate is brought generally since autumn, under plowing, in a dose of 4-5 c/hectares, by potash fertilizers primenyayut mainly in the same time – 1-1,2 c/hectares, nitric – in preseeding processing of the soil in a koyolichestvo of 2-3 c/hectares, and also in podkormki which carry out 1-2 times during vegetation in a dose of 1-1,5 c/hectares.
System of processing of the soil in a crop rotation develop taking into account a set of cultures.
So, we provided approximate schemes of crop rotations for the Crimea. For introduction of cultures in a crop rotation make the rotational table in which show their scheme on all fields. It represents the plan of placement of cultures on fields and years for (tab. 2) rotation.
For drawing up of the rotational table for an example we will take a shestipolny crop rotation.
From the table it is visible that in 2012 the first rotation of a shestipolny crop rotation comes to an end, and the second begins with the 2013th. In a desyatipolny crop rotation the first rotation will come to the end in 2016.
Table 1. Crop rotation types with vegetable cultures
Approximate schemes of vegetable crop rotations (with application of fertilizers)
/. Tomato, pepper, eggplant (rassadny). Humus
+ mineralyyony fertilizers.
2. Cabbage. Manure.
3. Onions, garlic. Mineral fertilizers.
4. Cucumber, vegetable marrow, bush pumpkin. Manure.
5. Tomato (bezrassadny), pepper, eggplant (rassadny). Mineyoralnye of fertilizer.
6. Table root crops (carrots, beet, garden radish, radish, etc.).
Mineral fertilizers.
II
/. Long-term herbs. Mineral fertilizers.
2. Tomato, pepper, eggplant (rassadny). Mineral udobreyoniya.
3. Onions, garlic, root crops. Mineral fertilizers.
4. Cucumber, cabbage. Manure.
5. Tomato. Mineral fertilizers.
6. Early vegetables (salad, spinach, garden radish, fennel, early kapus
that, etc.) and potatoes. Humus + mineral fertilizers +
summer sowing of long-term herbs.
III
/. Long-term herbs first year. Mineral fertilizers.
2. Long-term herbs second year.
3. Cucumber, vegetable marrow, bush pumpkin. Humus + mineral fertilizers.
4. Tomato, pepper, eggplant (rassadny). Humus + mineralyyony fertilizers.
5. Cabbage. Manure.
6. Fodder root crops (beet fodder, carrots fodder, etc.).
Mineral fertilizers.
7. Tomato bezrassadny. Humus + mineral fertilizers.
IV
/. Long-term herbs. Mineral fertilizers.
2. Long-term herbs.
3. Tomato, pepper, eggplant. Mineral fertilizers.
4. Cabbage. Manure.
5. Table root crops (carrots, beet, garden radish, radish, pasternak, etc.).
6. Cucumber. Manure.
7. Tomato (rassadny and bezrassadny).
Mineral fertilizers.
8. Early vegetables and potatoes. Humus + mineral udobyoreniye + summer sowing of long-term herbs.
/. Long-term herbs. Mineral fertilizers.
2. Long-term herbs.
3. Tomato rassadny. Mineral fertilizers.
4. Cucumber. Manure.
5. Onions, table root crops. Mineral fertilizers.
6. Pepper, eggplant. Humus + mineral fertilizers.
7. Cabbage. Manure.
8. Tomato. Mineral fertilizers.
9. Early vegetables, vegetable marrow, bush pumpkin. Humus + the mineral
fertilizers.
VI
/. Winter wheat. Mineral fertilizers.
2. Winter wheat. Mineral fertilizers.
3. Vegetables. Humus + mineral fertilizers.
4. Summer grain (barley, oats). Mineral fertilizers.
5. Corn. Humus + mineral fertilizers.
6. Vegetables. Humus + mineral fertilizers.
7. Winter grain (wheat, barley) + long-term herbs.
Mineral fertilizers.
8. Long-term herbs. Mineral fertilizers.
9. Long-term herbs. Mineral fertilizers.
10. Vegetables. Mineral fertilizers.
Table 2. Rotational change of cultures taking into account a set of cultures (see above).
Crop rotations on irrigated lands have a number of features.
After cleaning of early vegetable rasteyoniya here plan repeated crops that in the conditions of droughty climate of the Crimea without waterings it is impossible. Poyovtornym crops is called a poyosledovatelny vyrashchiyovaniye in time on one field of two or neskolko cultures within one veyogetatsionny period. In irrigated vegetable growing (as it was noted above) crop rotations with a lucerne which is not tolko valuable fodder culture, bogayoty protein and vitamins, but also a sredyostvo of improvement of physical properties of the soil are recommended. Besides, thanks to well developed root system, a lucerne a beret water from the deep horizons of the soil. Therefore, sowing it, ustranyayut bogging and a zasoleniye.
Organizing repeated crops, recognize that the sum of the vegetayotsionny periods of all vyrashchivayoemy cultures shouldn’t exceed duration vegetacionnogo a season for the Crimea.
It is known that repeated posevy in vegetable crop rotations yavlyayutsya one of sources a uvelicheyoniya of production of vegetables. In our zone the bezmorozny period sostavlyaet 180-200 days. Vegetable rasyoteniye have the various period of a veyogetatsiya – from 35 to 150 days and more. Therefore, after culture harvesting with the short period of a vegeyotatsiya (35-60 days; garden radish, skorospeyoly early potatoes, etc.) there are all conditions for cultivation on these sites of the second high-grade uroyozhy other vegetable culture with the sootyovetstvuyushchy period of vegetation and biological features, soyootvetstvuyushchy for this term of sowing. The culture choice for poyovtorny sowing is influenced by also hozyaystyovenny expediency, opredelyayoemy generally demand of the potrebiteyoly. Productivity of vegetables at poyovtorny seedings concedes to productivity of these cultures at a vyrayoshchivaniye of one crop, but the general productivity of two cultures always vyshe, than at cultivation of one culture a little. The income from unit of area thus increases.
As repeated culture place late-ripening cabbage at a rassadny way a vyrashchivayoniya, a garden radish, potatoes of a summer vyyosadka, haricot, a cauliflower, carrots, a beet a dining room, a cucumber, a vegetable marrow and other plants. In a kacheyostvo of predecessors at the repeated sowing use early kapustu, early ripening varieties of potatoes (The Crimean rose, Sineglazka, Seyayonets, the American, etc.), onions on a feather, a garden radish, salad, garlic, puchkovy morkov, a beet, vegetable peas (after collecting young gentle shovels), ukrop and other cultures. Repeated cultures, naturally, place on the best predecessors.
Technology repeated posevov the following: after cleaning of previous culture a site clear of the vegetative remains and weeds. Then carry out vlagozaryadkovy watering with norm of water 400-600 of m3/hectare (DDA-100MA, etc.). In 2-3 days after watering introduce mineral fertilizers (preimuyoshchestvenno nitric) and the soil perepaxivayut bezotvalny plows in a hitch with a harrow. After an obrayobotka of the soil carry out sowing of seeds with a doposevny prikatyvaniye or sprouts disembarkation (SO-4,2, SKN-6A, etc.). A gap in time between vlagozaryadkovy watering, pakhoyoty and sowing (disembarkation) shouldn’t be. Further care of summer crops (landings) usual, accepted for this culture and a grade.
In vegetable crop rotations primenyayut also condensed posevy, i.e. on one area odnoyovremenno grow up two or neskolko cultures. Thus razlichayut main culture and culture sealant.
Cultures grown up in such crops should have approximately identical requirements to an orosheyoniya, to fertilizers and to differ among themselves only with a prodolzhitelyyonost of the vegetative period. So, crops of carrots, onions from semyan, a bezrassadny tomato uplotnyayut mayachny cultures (rediyosy, salad, etc.), kotoyory quickly sprout seeds, oboznachayut ryadka and allow to carry out interrow processings of the soil to shoots of the main culture. Thus it is necessary to note that the uplotyoneniye complicates mechanization of care of the main culture. Nelzya to apply consolidation where under the main culture brought herbicides.
For the correct development sevooborotov it is necessary to conduct knigu stories of fields in which sistematicheski write down all agrotekhyonichesky receptions of cultivation of cultures, and also their productivity. The analysis of entries in the book of history poyoly allows to reveal reserves of luchyoshy use of lands, povyyosheniye of their fertility, and sledovayotelno and increases in productivity of vegetable plants.
A.Nedbal, candidate of agricultural sciences, Crimean experimental station of vegetable growing of institute of the southern vegetable growing and UAAN melon growing.