Article is devoted to an agrotechnology of cultivation of different types of annual and long-term onions in the Crimea. In it it is said about onions cultivation, both in hothouses, and in open soil on greens that is dictated by need of the market for it. For receiving green onions it is recommended to grow up onions-rezanets on country and personal plots in long-term culture, in farmer large-scale enterprises – in annual.
Article is intended for agricultural producers of various form of ownership and is of interest for laymen.
Value
The onions are widely used in a population food all the year round. That only in it isn’t present: proteins, sugar, vitamins (And, In, B1, B2, With, RR), mineral salts, essential oils, fitoncidy and other substances useful to a human body. Onions juice is useful at the polluted wounds, greasing of eyes by the squeezed-out juice of onions with honey helps from a cataract, it also helps from quinsy. The edible onions because of the bitterness strengthen a weak stomach and stimulate appetite. Annual consumption of onions napiform on one person in the Crimea makes about 15-20 kg.
Origin
The onions come from Central Asia. In culture it is known over 4 thousand years B.C. and it was used as a food plant in Ancient Egypt. To it did honors as to a deity. Now it is widespread in Ukraine and in the Crimea. The onions napiform, a leek and other types are widely cultivated in culture.
Biological features
Onions – a holodostoyky plant. Seeds start to sprout at temperature 2-3°S, but very slowly. Optimum temperature for their germination near 25°S, for growth of leaves 20-23°C. Roots start grow at temperature 2-3°S, and at 5-10°S grow quickly therefore at early sowing and landing they grow quicker, than leaves.
To moisture content in the soil the onions are especially exacting in germination of seeds and in initial phases of development of plants.
The increased humidity of air is especially dangerous to onions. To light it is exacting and the zateneniya doesn’t take out. It is exacting and to soil fertility because its root system is poorly developed and possesses small absorbing ability. Doesn’t take out some fertilizer fresh manure and unilateral application of nitric fertilizers.
Grades
In the Crimea the such are zoned: onions on a turnip in annual culture – Lugansk, Yalta local; use also a grade Kachinsky, Shtutgardsky and others.
Cultivation and cleaning of green onions
The green onions also are used in food all the year round. Especially big need for it in the winter, in the spring and beginning of summer. Population supply by green onions during this period is important especially as in its leaves contains vitamin C in 2-3 times more than in bulbs.
The Crimea – the international health resort where annually there come about 5 million people for treatment and rest. For successful treatment the tasty dietary food which is inconceivable without green onions is necessary to them. Therefore conveyor cultivation of its green feather in the Crimea is vital and dictated by need of the market for it. In view of that vegetable growing in a private sector makes now about 80-85 % of all production of vegetables in the Crimea a role of personal and country plots in is mute is very essential.
Green onions, as a rule, grow up in the Crimea in hothouses and in open soil from onions turnip, sample and onions-sevka (arpachik). Thus a large number of a landing material is required. So, in hothouses, at bridge (continuous) landing on 1 sq.m spend about 10-12 kg sample, and in open soil, depending on the scheme of landing land on 10 sq.m 15-30 kg of small bulbs. If to take the minimum market price – 200 hryvnias for centner, cost of a landing material on 1 hectare of onions will make from 30 to 60 thousand hryvnias or 30-60 hryvnias on 10 sq.m. Therefore when using such landing material prime cost of green onions will be very high, and the volume of its production is limited. Besides, from onions from open soil the green feather can arrive from the middle of May to the middle of July.
But despite high expenses, vegetable growers – fans in small volumes nevertheless grow up greens from onions which at storage prematurely started to sprout and lost initial quality. However such insignificant volumes not always can satisfy market demand.
The experiences which have been carried out by Simferopol a vegetable-bakhchevoy by experimental station (nowadays the Crimean experimental station of vegetable growing) showed that long-term types of onions when using them in annual culture in the conditions of the Crimea provide receipt from open soil of an inexpensive green feather. We give a short agrotechnology of cultivation of long-term onions which is quite simple and available to each vegetable grower.
So, the onions-batun – a winter-hardy plant, easily transfer the most severe winters. Seeds start to sprout it at temperature plus 3-4°S. Its elevated part well grows at temperature 12-20°C. It doesn’t form a napiform bulb. In the first year of life it forms large tubular leaves and a thin cylindrical lukovichka ("pencil"). During the autumn and winter period old leaves die off and for the second year the new in the early spring grow. On the second year of vegetation and during the subsequent seasons of a plant strelkuyutsya, blossom and form seeds.
Only such grades of onions-batuna were extended in CIS countries and in Ukraine: Gribovsky 21, May 7, Salad 35 and others.
In the people the onions-batun have also other names: winter, sandy, dudchaty, Tatar.
At annual culture seeds should be sowed in two terms – early in the spring (at the first exit to a site) and in the summer, till July 15, two-lower case tapes, norm of seeding of seeds of 15-20 g on 10 sq.m, on depth of 2-3 cm, distance between plants 20-25 see. At summer sowing in the first year of vegetation it is impossible to cut off a feather. The onions of early-spring term of sowing can start to be cleaned since April 10-15, and summer – at the beginning of May. On country and personal plots at long-term culture the feather is cut off by 3-4 times for vegetation, and at the annual – in one step. At final cleaning of a plant undermine a shovel, then onions choose manually, clear of the earth, zatarivayut in yashchichka or baskets and send to the consumer.
Watering and care of plants batuna practically don’t differ from the same receptions made at onions cultivation.
To make multiple copies onions-batun it is possible as well bush division, in the autumn. Having dug out a bush, separate young escapes and transplant them on a site according to the same scheme, as at cultivation from seeds.
Batun can be used for receiving a green feather during the winter period, landing its derninka in hothouses, rooms, hotbeds. The derninka prepared since autumn store in a cellar, land on a constant place as required.
Productivity of green onions-batuna fluctuates within 25-40 kg with 10 sq.m. For receiving green onions use also onions-rezanets. It has tubular leaves, narrow, shilovidny, gentle, long not growing coarse, length to 50 see. Plants differ strong branching and high rate of growth of leaves. For the second year of vegetation the bush is formed of 20-30 escapes.
On country and personal plots it is expedient for growing up in long-term culture, and in farmer large-scale enterprises – in annual. It call still shnitt-onions, skoroda.
Agrotechnology of cultivation of green onions-rezantsa same, as well as onions-batuna. Seeds need to be sowed in the early spring and in the summer, till July 15. A crop of a green feather at spring sowing clean in August-September, and at summer seeding – early in the spring. At agrotechnology observance (waterings, loosening, weeding etc.) productivity of green leaves together with false bulbs can reach 30 kg with 10 sq.m.
Well proved in these purposes leek. This holodostoyky plant, breeds seeds. In the first year of vegetation the plant forms the socket of tesmovidny leaves and a false reinforced stalk – "leg". For the second year forms high (to 2 m) to the shooter, blossoms and forms seeds.
Two grades were extended in CIS countries and in Ukraine – Karantansky and Bulgarian. On Simferopol a vegetable-bakhchevoy of experimental station the high-yielding grade of leek – Sizokryl was created. All called grades late-ripening. The vegetation period at them makes 170-180 days therefore in northern regions it grow up only sprouts, and in the Crimea it can be cultivated and bezrassadny way. Seeds need to be sowed in two terms – early in the spring (in February windows) and in the summer, in June. Norm of seeding of seeds of 8-10 g on 10 sq.m, depth of their seal 2-2, 5 see. Place plants with row-spacings of 40-50 cm, and among between plants 10-12 see.
It is sympathetic on fertilizers and waterings which during the season carry out 10-14 times (taking into account a precipitation).
Leek of spring sowing clean in the summer, when its leaves still young and gentle. Then it cut off in October-November. At summer seeding of seeds a crop clean in March-April. Productivity of leek in the conditions of the Crimean peninsula at due leaving can reach 30 kg with 10 sq.m.
Costs of cultivation of long-term onions don’t exceed costs of production of onions. Seeds of long-term types of onions are much cheaper than the napiform. Therefore prime cost of a green feather of long-term onions should be much lower than onions turnip greens. Besides, long-term types of onions owing to the cold constancy allow to receive a green feather from plantings of open soil, since March, during the whole bezmorozny period, and when using hothouses practically all the year round.
A.Nedbal, senior research associate of the Crimean experimental station of vegetable growing of Institute of the southern vegetable growing and melon growing, candidate of agricultural sciences.